History of the GID
(The Glosa Internet Dictionary/ Glosa Inter-reti Diktionaria)
(Original URL of this file was:
www.glosa.org/gid/gidhist.htm.
Date: see
end
of this file.)
| 1943: |
Lancelot Hogben writes "Interglossa". Vocabulary
with 850 words. |
| 1972: |
Ronald Clark and Wendy Ashby publish a first word
list Glosa (1100 words, English-Glosa and French-Glosa)
|
| 1992: |
Ronald Clark and Wendy Ashby publish
"English - Glosa 1000", "English - Glosa 1000
classified", "Glosa 6000", "18 Steps to Fluency in
Euro-Glosa" (revised), "Deutsch - Glosa 1000".
|
| 1993: |
Ronald Clark and Wendy Ashby publish
"Central Glosa, 5000 English into Glosa 1000 with
Etymological Notes" |
| 1996: |
Paul Bartlett puts the "Glosa Basic Reference" on
the WWW. |
| 1998: |
William W. Patterson, Robin Gaskell, Paul Bartlett
begin to work on an internet dictionary. |
1999
| 1999: |
Some mails to Glosalist (mailing list about Glosa)
from William W. Patterson about his work on an internet dictionary:
|
From: William W Patterson
Subject: advertisement, annul, beginning, belong, camera, discovery
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sun, 10 Jan 99 11:3
advertisement - PUBLIKO was suggested. My files say that PUBLIKO =
"public" and PUBLIKA = "publish" (that old finalvowel problem
again?). Since ADVERTI = "advertise" and "refer to", I suggest
ADVERTI or ADVERTI-something. I prefer simply ADVERTI.
annul - KANCELA was suggested but KANCELA = "lattice". Suggestions?
beginning - PROTO and KOMENCE were suggested. I prefer KOMENCE because
it meshes better with the other definitions of the words. There is
also Glosa RUDIMENTA = "beginnings". If we consider "beginning" and
"beginnings" to be close enough in meaning, we could use it.
belong - HABITA was suggested. According to my files, HABITA = "dwell"
or "inhabit". The old finalvowel problem again? Although I could
almost make a case for this. Anyway, how about PERTINE which is
already in the dictionary? ("Belong" should not have been in the
omissions list. I think it got there through a programming or data
formatting error.)
camera - FOTO-GRAFI KAMERA was suggested, but KAMERA = "room". How about
just FOTO-GRAFI-ME?
discovery - DETEKTI was suggested, but since HEURESI = "discover", why
don't we use it instead?
From: William W Patterson
Subject: ismo, isti
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sun, 10 Jan 99 11:2
Glosa "natio-ismo" was suggested for English "nationalism". However,
to my knowledge there is no Glosa "ismo" so "natio-ismo" cannot be a
compound; "-ismo" appears to function as a suffix but Glosa doesn't
do suffixes!
There are several Glosa words ending in "-isti". I'd thought of this
in the past and was going to suggest dropping those "-isti" forms and
just using "-pe", but when I bumped into the group of "-ismo" words I
thought, Hey, why not just create some new words to sort this out...
ISMO = principle
ISTI = specialist
What do you think?
From: William W Patterson
Subject: dress, engine, hasty, meter, liter, kingdom
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sun, 10 Jan 99 11:3
dress - U VESTI works for a generic item of clothing, but how about one
specifically for the item of clothing that women wear? Glosa seems to
lack terms for several items of clothing, though it does have shoes,
socks, capes and coats covered. Hmmm. Hogben wasn't a flasher, was he?
engine - MAKINA and DINA-ME were suggested. I prefer the latter.
hasty - TAKO was suggested but my files say that TAKO = "fast" or "swift",
and that isn't quite the same thing. Suggestions?
kilometer - KILOMETRI was suggested. However, METRI = "measure" and
METRA = "meter" or "metre" (one of those was missing and that's why
it showed up in the omissions file).
And for consistency, I suggest that we add LITRA rather than LITER.
kingdom - REGI-LANDA was suggested, but considering the following words
and wishing to embody the concept of kings and not just rulers, I'd
prefer to work BASILI into it somehow. BASILI-LANDA?
BASILI = king
BASILIKA = palace
BASILISA = queen
From: William W Patterson
Subject: putrid, exclusive, acknowledge, brass, afternoon, compound, dictionary
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 99 23:2
putrid - We have SAPRO (decay, rot). That could also serve for "putrid".
exclusive - We have EXKLUDE (exclude) and could use it for this too.
acknowledge - How about REKOGNI (recognize)?
brass - CUPRI-ZINK was suggested, but we have KUPRA (copper), so KUPRA-ZINK?
afternoon - Since noon is MESO-DI (noon), how about PO-MESO-DI?
compound - KOMPOSITO (composite) could handle this meaning too.
dictionary - VERBI-BIBLI is good for the preferred word, since it
compounds two Glosa roots. We also have LEXIKO and LEXIKON. I don't
think we need DIKTIONARIA in addition to those three... hmmm... I
*do* like the looks of it... okay, let's add it, for the literary
dictionary! But I do think VERBI-BIBLI should be preferred.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: label, likely, pride, proposal, radio, such, advice, suggestion, unit
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 99 23:2
label - I have NOMINA but not NIMA; how about NOMINA-BILETA?
likely - Rather than POSI (perhaps), how about PROBABILI (probable)?
Seems more positive to me.
pride - TARQINI (haughty, proud). That one even *looks* proud to me!
proposal - PROPOSI (propose).
radio - RADIO was suggested, but we have RADIO (ray, spoke).
such - Here we find one of those Glosa oddities. We have U TALI (such -
from Latin "talis") and TALI (heel - from Latin "talus"). One of
these needs to be changed! Suggestions? Mine is to use TALU for heel.
Not only because it retains the original vowel, but also because
"such" has probably been used more often than "heel" in existing
literature.
advice - In my file I find ADVOKA = AD+VOKA (call). Instead, how about
using KONCILIA (advise) also as a noun?
suggestion - Rather than SUGERE, couldn't we just use SUGESTI (suggest)
as a noun?
unit - We already have UNITA (trait), so we need something else for "unit".
From: William W Patterson
Subject: grateful, jealousy, metric, mile, conscience
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Tue, 12 Jan 99 23:3
grateful - We have GRATIA so we don't need GRACE. (Somehow that sounds
odd.) So, GRATIA-PLE.
jealousy - We have ZELOSO (jealous); could it stand also for "jealousy"?
metric - METRO SISTEMA was suggested, but I prefer METRA SISTEMA or
METRI SISTEMA, since METRA = "metre" (the system with metres), and
METRI = "measure" (the system of measures), and METRO = "mother".
mile - We can't use MILE because currently MILE=KILO=thousand.
conscience - AUTO-KRITIKI was suggested. I like that one! Currently we
have KRITICI=criticize, but I'm not sure whether I prefer the C or K
at the end. Preference, anybody?
From: William W Patterson
Subject: supper, calculate, calculator, radio, television, and other tele-things
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Wed, 13 Jan 99 21:5
supper - We already have CENA (dinner). It could be used. Or we could add
KENA, similar but different, more like the Latin, if we want to make
the distinction.
calculate, calculator - We have SUMA (add,sum,total). We could use this word
also for calulate, and calulcator could be SUMA-RU. Or SUMA-ME, similar
to PUTA-ME for computer.
television - TELE-VIDE was suggested, and this reminded me of the "radio"
question. And German. We have TELEFONA (telephone) (though "sound"
is FONO; terminal vowels again). "Radio" could be a TELE-(hear,listen).
Unfortunately, all the appropriate Glosa words begin with a vowel;
TELE-AUDI, TELE-AKUSTI, TELE-ASKOLTA, and TELE-AUSKULTA seem awkward.
Actually, TELE-DICE might be more appropriate for Glosa's "telephone",
and then TELE-FONA could be radio; but that would be a terrible False
Friend, wouldn't it? SONI is another Glosa word for "sound"; I'm
thinking of this solution...
TELEFONA = telephone (or TELEFONO)
TELESONI = radio
TELEVIDE = television
From: William W Patterson
Subject: centimeter, equitable, hemp, keen
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Thu, 14 Jan 99 12:3
centimeter - CENTI-METRI was suggested, but we already have CENTI (hundred)
and CENTIPEDI (centipede). We need a new word for "hundredth". Or a
better solution would probably be to use CENTIMETRA, with CENTI=hundredth
and HEKTO=hundred, as in the Metric System. And then we'd have HEKTOPEDI.
The downside is that we'd be inconsistent with existing literature.
equitable - Oops! We already have JUSTI (fair (equitable)) and JUSTI (just
(equitable)), but somehow never defined JUSTI (equitable)!
hemp - SATIVA was suggested, but we have SATIVU (cultivated), which reminded
me that the "sativa" in "cannabis sativa" means "cultivated". How about
KANABIS, from Latin "cannabis", instead?
keen - We have ALAKRI (brisk, crisp, eager)? Could we fit "keen" into here?
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: ismo, isti
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 99 08:0
26 Jan 99 03:28:42 EST, Robin Gaskell skribe:
> An -ISTI would be much more important than a -PE, and such a
> distinction is necessary. In principle, it would do the job, but, before
> such an affix system was introduced, it would need to be related to the
> existing heirarchy of words. What affixes were needed, and, how they
> related to existing category affixes within the natlangs, would have to be
> worked out.
I think these two would work. As I recall, there were quite a few -ISMO
and -ISTI words in which the "suffix" has the appropriate meaning, and
only a very few exceptions. I'll take another look at those exceptions
and see if they would really be too much of a problem.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: advertisement, annul, beginning, belong, camera, discovery
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 99 08:2
26 Jan 99 02:49:35 EST, Robin Gaskell skribe:
> > I imagined ~u detekti~ = "a discovery" .. making it a 'noun'.
> The Latin dictionary carries ..
> de-tego : to uncover, lay bare, unroof; to reveal, disclose.
> Without doing a search, I guess that ~heuresi~ with its awkward
> difthong is derived from the Greek. It is harder to pronounce, and a much
> less known root and concept - in modern culture. If 2.5K-wise, we can get
> away with just one word for this area, I still favour ~detekti~.
Agreed! I think we can safely synonymize ~detekti~ and ~heuresi~, with
~detekti~ being the preferred word and ~heuresi~ a literary alternative.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Dictionary Updates
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 99 17:1
http://www.neosplice.com/~ailanto/glosa.htm
I've updated the dictionary files! Password, as before, is .
The new dictionaries incorporate the previously omitted words, some
typo fixes, a few new words added for consistency, some more words
from Glosa 1000 that weren't included in Glosa 6000 for some reason,
and suggestions from the glosalist.
The Core dictionary now contains 2356 definitions, consisting of 1884
unique Glosa words. It would probably make a good base for the 2.5K!
I've also uploaded some sourcy files this time. My main source file
(ges.txt) can be found in source.zip; it has a few special formatting
character codes, like splats (*) in front of preferred synonyms, and
is the file from which all the dictionary files are generated by my
makefile.
Two intermediate files (egc.txt and gec.txt), which are themselves the
sources for the Glosa-English and the English-Glosa Core dictionaries,
can be found in core.zip; they contain the same data, one wordpair per
line, "lang1word = lang2word", but one is sorted by Glosa words and the
other by English words. They are the final step before the pageformatting
is performed for the Core dictionaries, and may be of use in creation of
the 2.5K.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: Dictionary Updates
To: GLOSALIST
Cc: wpatterson@comtime.com
Date: Thu, 28 Jan 99 08:1
Wed, 27 Jan 99 22:34:28 EST, Paul O Bartlett skribe:
> I looked at your web pages, but there seem to be so many zipfiles
> referenced that I am a little puzzled as to just which is what.
Oops, I was afraid that would happen! I'll have to clarify a bit more
on that page.
There are five dictionaries, the GE, EGL,EGB, EGC and GEC, of descending
size and complexity, and these are the ones that have hyperlinks in the
left-hand column of the table. Each dictionary is available as a regular
zipfile and as a self-extracting DOS program; pick one or the other. So
that's ten files for the five dictionaries. But you only need to download
five files, the .zips *or* the .exes, to get all five.
The GE and (EGL or EGB) make a nice pair, as do the EGC and the GEC.
The extra files mentioned, SOURCE.ZIP and CORE.ZIP, are source files for
developers. SOURCE.ZIP contains the master source file (GES.TXT); CORE.ZIP
contains two intermediate files which are derived from GES.TXT and formatted
pagewise to create the EGC and GEC.
General comment... for printing, the five dictionary files are your best
bet. But for searching and such, you should probably get SOURCE.ZIP, one
big file with everything in it, one Glosa/English wordpair per line!
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: centimeter, CENTI, HEKTO
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sat, 30 Jan 99 14:0
30 Jan 99 02:02:51 EST, Robin Gaskell skribe:
> * The "centipede" has less than a hundred legs, anyway; now the name is a
> quaint han-over from the era of 'nature study'. I would stay with
> consitency, here.
> I would agree that CENTIMETRA tells exactly what it describes: a
> hundredth of a metre.
Okay, so I'll use HEKTO = "hundred" and CENTI = "hundredth", though I'm
not completely comfortable with this because "100" seems such a fundamental
thing, counting and such, and we'll be inconsistent with *all* the Glosa
dictionaries that I've seen. But... I *do* think it's the right thing to do,
and at least *we* will be internally consistent!
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: label, RADIA, RADIO, unit
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sat, 30 Jan 99 13:4
29 Jan 99 21:14:03 EST, Robin Gaskell skriba:
> * Found NIMA in the E->G section of "6000"; it came in from NYMA.
> I prefer NIMA to NOMINA, and NOMINA-BILETA tends to make me ^sea-sick^
> with its 'double-bounce': the main question here is do we want a synonym
> for "name".
> I like both words, and would retain them in '6000+', but would prob. have
> to go with NOMINA in 2.5K.
I agree. I've added NIMA and NIMA-BILETA, with NOMINA as the preferred
synonym for "name".
> * Might be a case for 'new-wordism': "6000" has `RADIO ray,spoke,radio`
> I would go for RADIA ray,spoke,radius
> & RADIO radio
The 6000 also has RADIA = "radiate", so this would make the dictionary
more consistent trailing-vowel-wise. But the 6000 I have doesn't have
"radio" at all, and making RADIO = "radio" would be an inconsistency
relative to the 6000, which currently kind of lumps together RADIA and
RADIO, neither of which has anything to do with radios.
> * Can't find `UNITA trait` but can find `UNITA unit`. I thought there
> was a word, KARAKTERA, allowing `MERO DE KARAKTURA TRAIT`.
I like that. I'll put "trait" with KARAKTERA and "unit" with UNITA, which
does make more sense. UNITA = "unit" also fits better with other UNI-words.
Don't know where that UNITA = "trait" came from, but it's right there in
my 6000 though it doesn't really fit.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: mile, ?, MILI
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sat, 30 Jan 99 14:3
29 Jan 99 23:31:04 EST, Robin Gaskell skribe:
> * Not only is there a conflict in spelling - across the languages, "mile"
> is also archaic ... unless, of course, you live in the USA. I guess that a
> Glosa-pe from overseas will have to be given directions by a
> Glosa-pe in America - using miles.
I'd favor just dropping "mile" since it's only of use in, what, two?
countries, I think. And as you say, probably won't be of any use some
day.
> Maybe Glosa will have to allow for the "importing" of cross-cultural
> words from other languages, EG MILE, or MILE with the U.S.A.
> transposed to being a prefix in spoken communication.
Hey plu lojbanistani! Doesn't Lojban have a marker of some sort to show
that a word is borrowed from another language? We could have some such
marking word, possibly a generic, warning that the following word (or
phrase) may not mean what you might expect. Maybe this could handle
idioms too!
But I also noticed today that Glosa has no word for "thousandth". How
about MILI? Doesn't appear to conflict with anything else.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: supper, calculate, calculator, radio, television, and other tele-things
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sat, 30 Jan 99 19:0
30 Jan 99 17:18:10 EST, Paul O Bartlett skribe:
> "Dinner" is problematic, and I recommend that it not be used to
> render or explain any Glosa word. Just within the US alone, "dinner"
> is used in three different ways to designate meals, depending on what
> region one is in.
Yep, I've always used them pretty much as synonyms. Offhand I can't
even say for sure which word I use most often.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: mile
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 99 11:5
18 Feb 99 09:29:42 EST, Robin Gaskell skribe:
> * O.K. if it doesn't leave internationally-minded Americans feeling left
> out - through exclusion of their culture. Will Americans, finding
> KILO-METRA in Glosa but no corresponding word for "mile", just put it down
> to 'foreign-ness', and do their mental conversions .. or will they think
> that such a language is alien?
Some say that Esperanto is sexist because it uses -in- to make a feminine
noun from the masculine/epicene root. I say that *if* it is sexist, it is
so for a quite different reason: men must share the root with women in the
epicene and have no infix to call their own. Why should women enjoy such
preferential treatment?
Yes, that was slightly tongue in cheek.
But why did this come to mind? Well, the situation seems similar to me.
By omitting "mile", do we offend backwards (Shhh. I'm a US citizen, so I
can say that.) countries like the United States? Or would inclusion of
"mile" instead be preferential treatment for the US and such? I think the
latter.
The alternative would require, in fairness, unique words for units of all
systems. Maybe the omission of "mile" in the International Language will
help to drag the US, kicking and screaming, into the 18th century.
From: William W Patterson
Subject: Re: label, likely, pride, proposal, radio, such, advice, suggestion,
unit
To: GLOSALIST
Date: Sat, 20 Feb 99 16:5
18 Feb 99 08:40:09 EST, Robin Gaskell skribe:
> * I don't see them as synonyms. Although much the same in end meaning, I
> believe the two concepts are opposite in orientation:
> POSI [possible,possibly] ........ {half empty}
> PROBABILI [probable,probably] ... {half full}
Yep, that's how they strike me.
(Is the glass half-empty or half-full? Neither... the glass is too big!)
2000
| 2000: |
William W. Patterson puts the second edition of his
internet dictionary on the WWW. Mail in Glosalist:
|
To: m.springer@nikocity.de
Subject: [glosalist] Re: GEB, Glosa Dictionaries
From: William W Patterson
Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2000 19:43:00 -0500
Cc: glosalist@lists.zeta.org.au
Ich entschuldige mich zum Schreiben dieser Notiz auf Englisch.
Ich kann Deutsch gut lesen aber ich habe kleine Erfahrung mit
Schreiben auf deutsch... und mein Glosa ist sehr rostig!
I've updated the Glosa dictionary files at
http://www.neosplice.com/~ailanto/glosa.htm
There were only a few changes to the words themselves, some things we
talked about shortly after the last update, and I hadn't felt like doing
the whole update thing again so soon. The main change was that HEKTO
replaces CENTI for "hundred"; CENTI becomes "hundredth". This makes some
of the other words more consistent with each other...
CENTI = hundredth
CENTIMETRA = centimeter, centimetre
HEKTO = hundred
HEKTOPEDI = centipede
MILI = thousandth
MILIMETRA = millimeter, millimetre
Also for consistency...
KARAKTERI = trait
UNITA = unit
NIMA = name
NIMA-BILETA = label
SUMA-ME = calculator
And the following were added...
GE-LIMITA = exclusive
PRANDIA = supper
RADIA = radius
I also created a new dictionary file, the Glosa-English Basic Dictionary
(GEB), as requested by Marcel for help in his work. (Let me know if there
is anything else I can do to help.) And I added the new Glosa links to all
the cover pages. The password, as always: seleni.
[...]
NOTES TO "CORE"-DICTIONARY
OF THE GLOSA-INTERNET-DICTIONARY-PROJECT OF BILL PATTERSON AND OTHERS
Marcel Springer, Hamburg, 2000-07-28
0. Index
1. General Note
2. Notes to Single Words
3. Synonyms in Core and Examples of Concepts with More Than One Root
4. Problems for a German
5. Core and Glosa 1000
1. General Note
You can sort them as you want: bad words remain bad words. The Glosa
vocabulary is inconsistent and unsystematical. All its problems are
mentioned and discussed in glosalist already.
Main problems are the
- arbitrary, random ending vowels (difficult to learn) and
- having two source languages (Latin and ancient Greek).
New words should be created. Marked (e. g. with an asterisk) as not
original Clark/Ashby/GEO-words, they should replace the bad words.
2. Notes to Single Words
A list, only catchwords. Alphabetical order.
2.1. "anti-co" has in Literary-dictionary the meanings "but; however;
nevertheless; though". Please give back the Glosa-1000 "sed"
for "but"!
2.2. "demi" (half) is French. Latin "semi" (or Greek "hemi") would be
better. (Remember "U Lupus"-translation-discussion.)
2.3. "diptera" (fly) is the animal (the fly), to fly is "peti" or
"vola". "vola" is to be found under "flight". Perhaps write
"fly {the}" and "fly {to}".
2.4. "deskende" (descend) not necessary, instead simply: "skende
kata".
2.5. "eroti" (physical): error: must be "physical love".
2.6. "es" (to be) is missing. "onto" instead. Please take Glosa1000's
"es" again!
2.7. "kapita": The book "Deutsch-Glosa1000" gives German "Haupt"
(head, main..). "Core" gives "cape". That could mean a "high
point of land going out into the sea" or a "sleeveless garment,
hanging from the shoulders". The file "Glosa Basic Reference"
gives "kapota - bonnet", that would be a synonym to the second.
"kapota" is not in Literary-dictionary.
2.8. "ko{n}" wrongly sorted in. Must be treated like "kon" and/or like
"ko".
2.9. "kordiali - warm". Not the temperature is meant but an emotion
(Remember our "U Lupus"-translation-discussion. Cf. Latin "cor,
cordis" - heart). It would be better to take "meso-termo -
warm" and for "kordiali" only "hearty".
2.10. "krati-grega": The book "Deutsch-Glosa1000" gives for "Regierung"
(government) "krati". So "krati" is enough, "krati-grega" is
not necessary.
2.11. "krispa": Core gives "contract". Note: not the "treaty" is meant,
but to "make shorter; to curl".
2.12. "kritiki-ra": The book "Deutsch-Glosa 1000" says "kritici" is
enough for German "Kritik", so "kritiki" would be enough for
"criticism".
2.13. "mali-dice": "curse" (German "fluchen") is not always "swear"
(German "schwören"). "I swear I love you." is not "mali".
2.14. Regular comparison is necessary for an auxiliary language. So:
peiora - worse (schlechter) ==> ma mali
pesimi - worst (schlechtester, am schlechtesten) ==> maxi mali
optimi - best (bester, am besten) ==> maxi boni
2.15. "satura" - rich: Latin "satur, satura saturum" is satisfied,
copious; better for "rich"/wealthy would be "pluto".
2.16. "porta" (harbor) should be "portu", because "porta" is also
"door" and "to carry".
(cf. Latin: portus, portus m. - harbur, u-declination, so root
would be portu;
porta, portae f. - door, a-declination, so root
would be porta;
portare - carry, a-conjugation, so root
would be porta (too))
2.17. "positi": The book "Deutsch-Glosa 1000" gives German "Posten,
Stand" (post, place). For "to put" would be better "loka".
"loka" is already in Core with "to lay" (see 3.xx).
2.18. "repei" (reply): perhaps typing error, should be "repli".
2.19. "vid-abili": Simpler and better would be "vide-abili". If we
take "vid-abili", we should take also "aud-abili" instead of
"audi-abili" and "honor-abili" instead "honora-abili".
2.20. For English "first" Glosa has not only "prima" and "proto", but
also "mo" (in after-position!). "mo {afterposition}" should be
supplement to Literary-dictionary, and be prefered for
Core-dictionary.
2.21. Some words may not so necessary for a beginner's dictionary:
palpebra (eyelid) (see also 3.60)
operkula (lid) (see also 3.60)
runi (rune)
Other examples could be found, discussed and eliminated. This
will be shown by practical use of the dictionary.
3. Synonyms in Core and Examples of Concepts with More Than One Root
The intention of the internet dictionary project was to get a
beginner's dictionary without synonyms (words with same meaning).
Nevertheless the list below shows synonyms of Core. This results from
English synonyms and computer sorting. Some of the synonyms are
"real", (you know the thesis "A language has NO synonyms."), others are
at least so near together, that one of each pair should be removed from
Core and move to a higher level dictionary ("Base" or "Literary"). A
discussion how to treat each word will be necessary.
More tricky is the problem of words with related meanings. They have
to go back to the same root, but a lot in Core do not. It could not
be, that we eliminate part-of-speech-markers in Glosa, and then related
words, differing only in part-of-speech, have different roots, only to
distinguish them. Then an old-fashioned part-of-speech-marker-system
would be better.
(e. g. iloto (dirty) - adjective / tolo (dirt) - noun).
Reading the list below, please keep in mind:
- Sources for Glosa words's meanings are the Richmond lists (and there are
several different lists, so perhaps you have a list with other meanings)
and the meanings of the classical origins.
- The author (me) is not a native English speaker.
Now the list:
3.1. abili [in audi-abili, honora-abili, vid-abili; other words with
"abili" inside are liabili, probabili, stabili] / pote (able,
can)
3.2. acikula (prickly) / aku (nail, needle)
3.3. ali (any) / uno (some) (see 4.2.)
3.4. alimenta (feed, food) / cena (dinner, supper) / fago (partake) /
mangia (eat) / toeno (meal) / viktualia (provisions) /
((G100:) vora / sito)
3.5. anula (circle, circular, ring) / rotundi (round) /
(Glosa 1000:) rondo
3.6. aprende (learn) / stude (study)
3.7. auxi (helpful) / steiligma (support)
3.8. basili (king) / regi (ruler) / roiali (royal)
3.9. bulima (hunger) / fami (hungry)
3.10 celera (quick) / rapidi (rapid) / tako (fast)
3.11. cerka (search) / qero (seek)
3.12. certa (certain, sure) / imuni (safety) / sekuri (safe) /
sura [in: insura (insurance, insure) and in asura (confidence,
confident)] decide (decide, decision) / resoluti (determined,
resolute) / resolve (determination)
3.13. detekti (detect, discover, discovery) / trovi (find, locate)
3.14. doci (teach) / doktrina (teaching)
3.15. eikon (image) / pikto (paint, picture)
3.16. elasti (elastic) / spirali (spiral)
3.17. elekti (choice, choose, elect) / selekti (pick, select,
selection)
3.18. expresi (express) / vultu (expression)
3.19. faringi (throat) / trakelo (neck) / (G1000:) kola, cervika
3.20. feru (in feru-via (railway)) / sideri (iron)
3.21. fosi (dig, also in G1000) / trenca (ditch) / (G1000:) kanali
3.22. fune (burial, bury) / funebri (funeral)
3.23. gania (gain) / obtena (obtain)
3.24. grega (party) [also in krati-grega, see also 2.10.] / zeugo
(team) / zigo (join)
3.25. habitu (habit) / habitudo (custom) (habitua (accustom) ==> gene
habitu (?)) hektiko (habitual) ???
3.26. holo-tem (ever) / sempre (always)
3.27. initia (introduce) / intra-duce (introduction)
3.28. iloto (dirty) / tolo (dirt)
3.29. importa (importance) / tago (chief)
3.30. invidio (envious) / zeloso (jealous, jealousy)
3.31. janua (door, doorway) / pile (gate)
3.32. kapsa (parcel) / kapsu (box) / parcela (package, packet) /
teka [in tira-teka (drawer)]
3.33. kareta (cart) / karpento (carriage)
3.34. kavita (cavity, "Deutsch-Glosa1000": hollow)/ kavo (hollow,
"Literary": cave)
3.35. kefa-ve (hat) / pileo (cap)
3.36. kemi (chemistry) / kemiko (chemical)
3.37. klepto (rob) / pekula (steal)
3.38. kuko (bake, cook) / zeo (boil)
3.39. lapilus (bead) / perla (pearl)
3.40. liga (tie) / vinki (bind)
3.41. limbi (border) / kosimba (edge)
3.42. loka (lay) / positi (put)
3.43. ludi (play) / ludo (game)
3.44. lukta (struggle) / kombate (fight)
3.45. lutu (mud) / limi (slime)
3.46. mega (big, large) / magni (great)
3.47. mensura (measure) / metri (size) [also in: metri-ru (meter),
kilometra (kilometer), metra (metric)]
3.48. makina (machine, machinery) / mekani (device, mechanical)
3.49. mira (amaze, surprise, wonder) / mirakulo (miracle) ???
3.50. misce (blend, mix) / migma (mixture) /
promiskuo (mixed --> ge-misce)
3.51. misteri (mystery) / misteria (mysterious)
3.52. malada (ill, sick) / morbi (desease)
3.53. mulce (stroke) / kolpa (hit) / impinge (strike)
3.54. nova (news) / mesage (message)
3.55. nuptia (wedding) / game (marry)
3.56. obstina (obstinate) / rigidi (stiff)
3.57. osci (sway, also in G1000) / oscili (swing) / trepida (shake,
tremble)
3.58. ozo (smell) / odoro (odor)
3.59. pali (post) / trava (beam) / vekti (bar) / virga (rod) /
(G1000:) baci, bara
3.60. palpebra (eyelid) / operkula (lid)
(Perhaps both not necessary in Core, the beginner's dictionary)
3.61. piezo (press) / tensio (stretch, tense) / (G1000:) baro /
(G1000:) presu (and impresi, expresi) / tlipsi (pressure)
3.62. pika (sting) / punktura (pierce)
3.63. plora (weep) / vagi (cry)
3.64. pondero (ponder) / puta (idea, think, thought)
3.65. posesi (possess) / proprio (possess, in proprio-pe, proprio-ra
and proprio-signi)
3.66. prohibiti (prohibit, prohibition) / veto (forbid) / = no-lice
3.67. proposi (proposal, propose) / sugesti (suggest, suggestion)
3.68. proprio (own) / habe (have)
3.69. puni (punish) / puni-paga (penalty) / puni-ra (punishment)
3.70. rutelu (shovel) / spada (spade)
3.71. sakri (holy, "sakri-verbi") / sankti (holy)
3.72. sati (fulfil, fulfill, satisfaction, satisfactory, satisfy) /
sufici (plenty, sufficient) / satura (full, rich)
3.73. sedi-mo (chair) / sela (seat)
3.74. sex (sex) / sexu (sexual)
3.75. sinu (curve) / skolio (bent)
3.76. sistema (system) / taxo (arrangement)
3.77. skiso (cut) / skizo (split)
3.78. skope (look) / vide (see)
3.79. soka (stocking) / tibiale (sock) / (Glosa 1000:) pedi-te
3.80. sona [in telesona (radio)] / soni (sound) / sono (pronounciation)
3.81. stokasma (target) / stoko (aim, shot)
3.82. sto (extinguish) / stop (stop)
3.83. stulta (fool) / stulti (foolish) / stupidi (stupid)
3.84. sukro (in sukro-gelatino (jelly)) / treo (sugar)
3.85. talpo (warmth) / termo (heat)
3.86. tlemo (patient) / tolera (patience, tolerant)
3.87. toxi (poisonous) / veneni (poison)
3.88. tura (tour) / viagia (journey, travel, trip, voyage)
3.89. tura-pe (tourist) / viagia-pe (passenger)
3.90. unio (meet, union, unite) / unita (unit)
3.91. usu (use) / uti (employ) / utili (useful)
3.92. vid-abili (visible) / vista (scene, scenery, view)
3.93. vikto (victory, win) / vinko (conquer)
3.94. vita (life, living) / vive (alive)
4. Problems for a German
4.1 It is not easy to distinguish between:
hekasto (each, every) / panto (all) / holo (hole) /
(G1000:) singu.
4.2 The German does not distinguish:
ali (any) / uno (some)
... and an international auxiliary language MUST NOT do either!!!
5. Core and Glosa 1000
The discussion in glosalist showed, that here there are two opinions:
The Glosa traditionalists (maybe Robin Gaskell, Nick Hempshall, Marcel
Springer) think, Glosa-1000-words should be prefered. Otherwise the
language would be damaged, the small group of Glosa-users would be
splitted. A text written with Core-dictionary could not be understood
by a Glosa-1000-learner.
Others (maybe Bill Patterson, Charles) say, Glosa 1000 does not really
exist, because the several 1000-lists contradict each other. They
think, to give Glosa the chance of becoming THE world language, the
best synonym each must be chosen. These best synonyms are not found
by the taste of two language designers, but by systematical research,
perhaps by comparison of several Romanic languages (Latin, Spain,
Italian, French), other modern languages with many speakers (English,
Russian, German) or other auxiliary language's design drafts (Ido,
Novial, Occidental, Interlingua de IALA) or perhaps by a word
derivation scheme (e. g. Peano's Interlingua/Latina sine Flexione).
Perhaps a compromise between these two groups could be found.
Below there is a list of words of Core-dictionary not in Glosa 1000.
What can we do with it?
- The book "Central Glosa" contains the interesting word list
"English 5000 to Glosa 1000". It gives more than one meaning to one
Glosa word (should be 5000/1000=1). With this list some more of the
Core-words below could be expressed with Glosa 1000 words.
- Some of the words below differ to 1000-words only in the ending
vowel. The ending-vowel is a problem on its own (---> start a new
project).
- Some of the words below may be in one Glosa-1000-list, but not in
mine. The contradiction of GEO-word-lists is a problem on its own,
too.
Now the list: it shows Glosa-word, Englisch meaning, (German meaning)
(==> Glosa-1000-Wort)]:
5.1. absenti absent (abwesend) ==> G1000: ab; ne ci; ne la
5.2. abstrakti abstract (abstrakt, Auszug, abstrahieren)
5.3. acikula prickly (stachelig)
5.4. adagio slow (langsam) ==> G1000: no-tako; lento
5.5. adeo goodbye (Leb wohl!) ==> G1000: vale
5.6. adhesi adhere, adhesive (kleben, klebrig)
5.7. adhesi-ma paste (Kleister) ==> G1000: pasta
5.8. adinami weak (weich) ==> G1000: no-resista; debili
5.9. adjace local (örtlich) ==> G1000: lokali
5.10. adjusta adjustment (Einstellung, Anordnung)
5.11. ...
...
(Stop, stop, stop. You will kill me, if I would post the whole
list here.)
...
5.895. vultu expression (Ausdruck) ==> G1000: dice klari; emotio
5.896. zeloso jealous, jealousy (eifersüchtig, neidisch, Eifersucht,
Neid)
5.897. zemia loss (Verlust)
5.898. zeo boil (kochen, sieden)
5.899. zeugo team (Team, Gruppe, Arbeitsgruppe, Mannschaft)
==> G1000: grega
| 2000: |
M. Springer to Glosalist:
|
Well, yes, I know, it is silly, if I - with my low English skill -
would maintain an English dictionary. But because I criticized around
a few days ago, I should not only talk. And so I start. ...
A new Glosa dictionary is available. Please visit:
- Glosa-English: www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gglen.htm
or www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gglen.txt.gz
- English-Glosa: www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gengl.htm
or www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gengl.txt.gz
What is it?
* Source was Bill Patterson's internet dictionary "Literary" (or "Glosa
All").
* Now it is formatted as a HTML-file with click-click-index (gglen.htm)
and a plain ASCII-file for your personal formatting games.
Some internet browsers decode the GNU-zip contraction
automatically.
* All three levels are in one file:
"Literary" is the source and it is completely contained.
Words from "Base"-dictionary (= all words without synonyms) are
marked with "+" (or "++").
Words from "Core"-dictionary (= only most useful "Base"-words) are
marked with "++".
So a good overview of word preferences is given (although the
prefernces should change in advantage to Glosa 1000 in future).
* New feature:
Glosa 1000 words are marked with "1".
* To add the "1"-marks, I used the list "Glosa 1000 - English" from the
book "18 Steps to Fluency". It has 1182 items. (I know, there are
different lists of "Glosa 1000". Even "English - Glosa 1000" in
the same book is not the same vocabulary. I think, it does not
make much use to argue, wich list would be best for vocabulary
research.)
* Looking up the "18 Steps"-list, 96 Glosa words have been found wich
have not been in "Literary" before (mainly ending vowel
differences). They are now added. The words are listed in the
file www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/ggehist.txt.gz.
* Looking up the "18 Steps"-list, about 170 English meanings to Glosa
words have been found wich have not been in "Literary" before.
They are now added. They are listed in .../ggehist.txt.gz, too.
* As Wendy wanted, it is free available in WWW, but the source is
mentioned.
* Only the Glosa-English file is worked on. The English-Glosa is a
simple computer reverse. So it will not be perfect.
* Because I am stupid, new mistakes certainly were added. Please find
them.
What now?
The new file gives the possibility to access all Glosa words AND
to prefer Glosa 1000.
So, a text written with the internet dictionary can be understood by
a learner of printed vocabulary lists from Richmond. Unfortunately
that was not so easy before.
Next step should be to supplement the list "English 5000 to
Glosa 1000" from the book "Central Glosa" to cover a (five times ?)
bigger meaning's field with the heart vocabulary.
Perhaps you have some suggestions how to do it. I do not know a
way with satisfying effectivity. As I wrote, my scanning and
OCR-text recognition failed (I tryed the program "Text Bridge
Pro 9.0"). Maybe you have more luck? The "E5000G1000" has
51 pages.
Glosa words, in "18 Steps to Fluency"-list "Glosa 1000 - English",
added to internet dictionary:
AD-IN into
ATRIO court; hall
BUTIRI butter
CIKLO cycle; wheel
DELIKATI delicate
DIABOLI devil
DURANTO during; while
EGOTISTI selfish
EQILIBRI balance
EXCITE excite
FASKI bundle; group; set
FASKINA fascinate
FAVO favor
FLUVIA river
FRIA crumble
FUNGUS fungus
GASTRO stomach
GLANDI acorn; gland
GLUTO gulp; swallow
HEPA liver
HESITA hesitate; stick
KAMAE on ground
KANCERI crab; lattice
KODI code
KOGNATI related
KOLEA sheath
KOLEGI college
KOLUMNI column
KOSMETIKA cosmetic
KREDITO credit
KRIBRI sieve
KRITIKA criticize
KULTI cultivate
KUNE wedge
LABORI work
LAEVO left-hand
LIMO mud
MATERI matter; stuff
MEI less
MERITO deserve; merit
MOBILI piece of furniture
MUCI slime; mukus
MUSKI moss
NOKTI night
NON-OFERE withold
NUKI nut
NUKLEA nucleus
OFERE offer
OKU eye
OLEA oil
OPINIO opinion
ORIGI source
PALUDA marsh
PIGA pyga; buttock
PIRAMI pyramid
PISKI fish
PLAKA cake {slab}; slab; tablet {slab}
PLANKTO float !!! typing error: plaMkto !!!
PLEI more {number}
POEIA create
POMI apple
PRECISE precise; exact
PREMI prize; profit; reward
PROFUNDA deep; profound
PROPRIE ones own; own {to}
PUNKTA dot; point
REAKTI react; reaction
RESIDU remain; residual
RESPEKTI heed; regard; respect
RUDI rubbish
SENSUA sensual
SERIA row {a}; series
SILVA forest; wood
SIONORA madam; Mrs; mistress; Ms; miss
SKANA scan
SPACE space
SPIRITU spirit
SU FACIA top surface
SUMARI summarize
TACI silent {be}
TAPE carpet; mat
TARSU ankle
TRITIKU wheat
UNGUA fingernail; nail {finger}; hoof
UTERU uterus; womb
VALI valley
VAPO steam; vapour
VASO vase; vessel; container
VERBA word
VINI wine
ZIMO ferment; yeast
English meanings added to internet dictionary from the "18 Steps to
Fluency"-list "Glosa 1000 - English":
AB away; <-- from
AKRO tip; top; <-- end
AKUTO sharpen; <-- sharp
ALEXI defend; defence; defense; protect; protective; safeguard;
<-- guard
ANDRO gentleman; man; <-- husband
ARMA arms; weapon; <-- arm {to}
AUDI hear; <-- listen
AVANTI advance; forwards; <-- forward
BUTA purpose; task; <-- butt; aim
DE about; from; of; relating to; than; <-- in relation to
DEFEKTI defect; <-- fault
DETEKTI detect; discover; discovery; <-- find
DISTA be distant; distance; far; <-- distant
EKO dwell <-- live
ESTE conscious; consciousness; feel; <-- esthetic
EU well; <-- good
EVIDE clear {evident}; evident; <-- obvious
EXTENDE extend; <-- spread
FALSI deceive; <-- false
FARINA flour; <-- dust
FATIGA fatigue; tired; weary; <-- tire
FLA blow; <-- inflate
FOKU focus; <-- centre
FOLIA leaf; <-- foliage
FONO sound; <-- -phone
FOSI dig; <-- pour
FRAKTI break; <-- fracture
FREQE often; <-- frequent
FRUSTRA frustrate; frustration; <-- disappoint
FUGI run away; <-- flee
FUNKTIO function; operate; operation; <-- useful
FUSIO <-- fusion [typing error: fusio]
GLANDI acorn; <-- gland
GLUKO lovely; sweet; <-- nice
GRATIS free of charge; <-- free; for nothing
GREGA group; herd; party; <-- flock
HABE have; <-- possess
HESITA hesitate; <-- sticky
HETERO different; other; <-- differ
HIERARKI <-- hierarchy [typing error: heirarchy]
HIPO horse; <-- under; below
HOMI human; mankind; <-- man; person
HORIZO boundary; <-- lying down
HORO hour; <-- time
IDEA idea; mental image; <-- thought
IDIO peculiar; unique; <-- special
IMPAKTI push; blow {a}; <-- stroke
IMUNI protected; safe; safety; <-- immune
INDIKA point to; <-- hint
INTRA indoor; indoors; inside; inward; inwards; within;
<-- below; under
ISO identical; <-- exactly like
JACE lie down {to}; <-- lie
JUVE youth; youthful; <-- young
KAKO bad; nasty; wicked; <-- very bad
KALKULA pebble; <-- calculate
KANCELA lattice; <-- cancel
KANCERI crab; <-- cancer
KASO case; <-- in case of
KERAMI clay; <-- ceramic
KISTI cyst; <-- bladder
KLEPTO rob; thieve; <-- steal
KLIMA climate; <-- weather
KONTEXTU interweave; <-- context
KONTROLA <-- control [typing error: controla]
KORTIKA tree bark; <-- bark; cortex
KOSMO ordered universe; <-- cosmos
KOSTA coast {side}; side {coast}; <-- rib
KRATERA bowl; <-- basin
KRESCE grow; growth; <-- crescent
KRON chron-; when; time
LAMINA film; layer; sheet; slice {thin}; <-- plate
LATICI liquid extract; <-- rubber
LEGUMI legume; <-- pea; bean
LENTO slowly; <-- slow
LEPTO slender; thin; <-- slim
LINGUA language; <-- tongue
LUBRIKA lubricate; <-- oil {to}
MA[-] material; stuff; <-- matter
MAGNETI magnet; magnetic; <-- magnetism
MAJOR bigger; greater; main; <-- more
MARGINA border; <-- edge; margin
MASI heavy; massive; <-- mass
MAXI maxi-; most; <-- -est {superlative}
MENTA mental; <-- mind
MERGE plunge; sink {plunge}; <-- submerge; dive
MERO part; share; <-- bit; piece
MIKRO tiny; <-- little
MILITA battle; fight; military; <-- war
MIMI mimic; <-- copy
MINA mine {coal etc.}
MINUS less {-less}; subtract; without; <-- lack
MO[-] furniture; <-- piece of furniture
MOTIVA motivate; <-- motive
NAVI ship; <-- boat
NEGA answer negatively; <-- negative {to}
NEXU connection; connexion; <-- interconnection; network
NOVA news; <-- news-item
NUDI bare; naked; <-- nude
ODORO odor; <-- smell
ORDINA order; <-- rank; grade {to}
ORGANISMO organisation; <-- organism
OSCI sway; <-- swing; oscillate
PA did {-ed,tense}; --> besser: -ed {past sign}; did
PATO disease; ill; sick; <-- suffer
PE person; <-- one {person}; one's
PETI rush; <-- fly
PETITIO ask; request; <-- beg
PIRUS pear {tree}; pear
PLANTA plant {vegetable}; <-- plant {to}; sole of foot
PLATI flat; <-- wide
PLE fill; <-- full
PLU plural; <-- more than one
PONDE weight; <-- weigh
PORTA harbor; harbour; haven; <-- carry; door
PRIVILEGI privilege; <-- right {a}
PROPAGA spread; <-- propagate
PSIKO psycho; <-- mind {the}; soul
PUDE shame; <-- disgust
PULSA pulsate; <-- push; pulse
QE,...? question {start} --> besser: {question start}
RADIO ray {spoke}; spoke {ray}; <-- radio
RAPIDI rapid; <-- quick; swift
RATIO ratio; <-- rate
REGISTRA record on tape; --> besser: record {on tape}
REPARA repair; <-- heal
RESISTA resist; resistance; <-- strong
RIDI laugh; laughter; <-- ridicule
SADISTI sadistic; <-- hunter
SANI healthy; <-- health
SEVERI severe; <-- strict
SEXU sexual; <-- sex
SIMPTO hint; <-- symptom
SONDA probe; <-- sound
SPECI species; <-- kind {species}
SPONTA unbidden; willingly; <-- free
STATIO station; stationed; <-- park {to}
STI start {process}; switch on; turn on; <-- cause
STO extinguish; switch off; turn off; <-- stop
STUPE astonish; <-- astound
SUI pig; <-- swine
TENDE intend; intention; intentional; purpose; tend; tendency;
<-- aim; in order to
TENSIO stress; stretch; tense; <-- tension
TERA earth {the}; terrain; <-- soil
TOXI poisonous; <-- poison; toxin
U{N} a; any [typing error: any --> an]; one; the
UMBRA shadow; <-- shade
UNO-PE someone; <-- somebody
VA[-] vase; vessel; vessel; <-- container [and double: vessel]
VAGONA car; <-- vehicle
VERSI back to start; return; <-- back to begin
XENO strange; <-- foreign
ZE[-] ty {X ten}; <-- zero [better: -ty than ty]
ZELO ardor; zeal; <-- eager
ZONA belt; girdle; <-- ring
| 2000: |
Charles, William Patterson, Nick Hempshall, Marcel
Springer supplement the Internet Dictionary with the list
"English 5000 to Glosa 1000" from the book "Central Glosa".
|
2000-09-15: Marcel Springer to Glosalist:
The Glosa Internet Dictionary has been updated.
Changes:
As I wrote, I changed the preferences of the synonyms ("++" and "+") in
advantage to Glosa-1000-words ("1"). Of course, with the English
meanings I could not really find all Glosa synonyms because of English
synonyms (like Bill before!).
Then, as Charles suggested (and later rejected), I took Paul's
Base-Vocabulary-list (ftp://ftp.smart.net/pub/bartlett/base.vocabulary ,
I used Charles's "mixed salad") and Rick Harrison's VITAL-list
(http://rick.harrison.net/langlab/vitaleng.html ) and put the Glosa
words to these English words into the "Core"-dictionary. Sometimes I
could not find a fitting Glosa word for the English in the Internet
Dictionary or I did not like the found word. These missing words are
listed (www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gidmiss.htm ). Please have a look.
Perhaps you know good Glosa words for them.
Nick's comments (again thanks, follow-ups are welcome) have been built
in (Nearly all. I will ask some questions later).
A lot of error correcting and meaning harmonization is done. All is
protocoled in www.tu-harburg.de/~smms/gidhist.txt.gz .
The new "Core"-dictionary has now 1991 Glosa items. 1761 of them are
Glosa-1000s (= 88 %). Before it was 729/1941=38%.
The new "Basic"-dictionary has 4634, 2695 Glosa-1000s, 58 %
(before 965/5026=19%). The whole Internet Dictionary has 8481 Glosa
items.
I tried hard to handle the data carefully and with respect to Bill, the
Richmonders and the spirit of Glosa.
Please visit, use, criticize and help: ... (URLs)
I believe, the "Core"-dictionary is quite useful now !!!
... but it is far away from being ready. Here some tasks to do.
Some are small, some not:
* I feel not satisfyed with all of the 1705 " + "-words ("Basic"-words,
not in "Core" nor in Glosa-1000). Suggestions and help are needed.
* There are English words in Paul's Base-Vocabulary-list
(ftp://ftp.smart.net/pub/bartlett/base.vocabulary ) and in Rick
Harrison's VITAL-list (http://rick.harrison.net/langlab/vitaleng.html )
wich are not in the Internet Dictionary or they are there but I did
not like their Glosa word. I listed these words in
www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gidmiss.htm . Good Glosa words for
them should be found - or created.
* The amount of words in "Core" and "Basic" should be optimized.
I think, maybe 1700 for "Core" and less than 4000, maybe 3700 for
"Basic" would be best.
* I have to go through Bill's mails to Glosalist about his dictionary
work and his considerations. The mails are collected in
www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gidhist.txt.gz . Without wanting to, I
certainly have destroyed some good ideas when I used the Richmond
data.
* The "G"s (marks of Glosa words with Greek origin) should be
supplemented with help of the book "Glosa 6000". Same with
capitalization.
* Some synonyms are necessary for good style and feeling comfortable
with a language. But in "Core" the amount of synonyms should be
reduced to a minimum. Especially the phenomenon of "different roots
for similar concepts" is annoying. I started to make a list of them
(www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gcosyn.htm ). We could complete the
list and then fix this problem.
* Alphabetical sorting ("{", "}", "[", "]") must be corrected.
* The problem of "similar synonyms" (similar Glosa words with same
meaning, mostly differing from each other only in the ending vowel)
is not solved. I started to make a list of them
(www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gsimsyn.htm ). The list should be
completed. We can build up a database of classical origins to every
word (word pair) and of cognated words in other languages.
With this data we could collect examples to every Latin and
Greek conjugation/declination and write a "Word Derivation Scheme".
A start for such a scheme is www.tu-harburg.de/~smms1406/gwds.htm
(it is just what I emailed before here in Glosalist).
With this scheme we can choose the "right" synonym or "correct" the
words. Great would be an approval by Wendy Ashby.
* A database of classical origins and cognated words of other
languages should be made for the "Core"-words, too. With the
"Word Derivation Scheme" we could systematize the vocabulary then
step by step.
And of course:
* Correct errors!
* Contact W. Ashby!
* Test out the dictionary by conversation and translation work!
* Translate the dictionary into various languages (German, Russian,
French ..)!
List of Changes, 00-09-15
"academi 1 academy" added comment "{=akademi}". New word:
"akademi *1+G academy" and prefered.
"age" prefered to "ago 1 drive, lead"
"aeroplana 1 aeroplane" added meaning "airplane".
"akti mali 1 insult; offend" same as "mali akti 1 offence".
So added meanings to each other.
"alfa-beta ++ alphabet" prefered to "alfabeti 1G alphabet"
"ali" should be synonym to "uno". Meanings supplemented.
"ami" added meaning "friendly".
"amo 1" supplemented meaning "approval"
"amorfo 1G lump; shapeless" added meaning "clod".
"ante meso-di"
"aparatu 1 tackle" supplemented meanings "tackle {n}; apparatus"
"aritkula 1 joint" eliminated, because spelling mistake, should be
"artikula 1".
"arma arm {v}; arms; weapon" added meanings "armor; armour"
"asinu 1 ass" same as "asinus 1 ass; donkey". So added meaning
"donkey" to "asinu".
"atenda 1 await" same as "atende 1 delay; wait; waiting". So added
meaning "await" to "atende" and "delay; wait; waiting" to "atenda".
"auto-lauda 1 proud; vanity" as synonym of "auto lauda 1 pride":
supplemented meanings, "auto-lauda" prefered.
Added to both auto-lauda meaning "haughty".
"baro 1 press" added meaning "pressure".
"bate 1 batter; beat; hit; knock; smite; strike {hit}; thrash {beat}"
added meaning "beating".
"bek 1 beak" same as "beka 1 peck" same as "beko 1 spout". Give all
the meanings "beak; peck; spout". Prefered "rostri".
"biciklo *++ bicycle" new word instead of "bicikla" because of "ciklo".
"bio-ra" as a synonym to "vive-ra". Supplemented meaning "being {n}".
Prefered to "vive-ra".
"boni fortuna 1++ fortunately; luck" as synonym to "bonifortuna", so
supplemented meaning "lucky"
"bruta 1 brute" same as "bruti 1 bully; gruff". So added meanings
to each other.
"buno" prefered to: "buna 1G hill; mound" (because of Greek bunos)
"cef 1 chief" same as "cefa 1 main; major; master; principal".
So added meanings "main; major; master; principal" to "cef" and
"chief" to "cefa".
"centi 1++ cent; hundred; hundredth" removed meaning "hundred".
("hekto" instead). Also: "cent anua 1 century" gets "X" and made
new item "hekto anua 1*" instead.
"cerka 1 grope; quest; search; seek" added meaning "look for".
"ciclo-viagia 1 tour": spelling mistake corrected to "ciklo-viagia".
"cigni 1G swan" same as "kigno cygnet; swan". So added meaning
"cygnet" to "cigni".
"cikla 1G cycle" same as "ciklo 1G circle; circular; cycle; wheel".
So added meanings "circle; circular; wheel" to "cikla". "cikla" gets "X".
"credito 1 credit" spelling mistake corrected to "kredito".
"cupra-zinka 1 brass" spelling mistake corrected to "kupra-zinka".
"decide 1 decide; decision; determine; resolve; settle"
added meaning "determination".
"delikate" and "delikati" and "delikato" as synonyms. So supplemented
meaning "dainty" to "delikati" and "delikato"
"deluvi 1 deluge" same as "diluvi 1 flood" and "diluvia flood", so
added meaning "deluge" to "diluvi" and "diluvia" and meaning "deluge" to
"diluvi" and "diluvia".
"densi-lo 1 thicket" added meaning "bush {thicket}".
"derma 1G leather; peel; skin" added meaning "hide {skin}".
"dina 1G compel; force; might {power}; oblige; power" same as
"dinamo 1G might {power}; power". So added meanings to "dinamo".
"dissipa 1 waste" spelling corrected to "disipa".
"dolo 1++G ache; pain; slave" {removed meaning "slave", Greek slave is
dulos, dulo is in G1000, too}
"dulo 1++ slave" added meaning "servant".
dura 1 condinue; constant; continue; hard; hard {lasting}; last {v};
lasting; lasting {hard}; permanent; persist; still {continue}; tough"
removed meaning "condinue" (spelling mistake ?), added meaning
"continuous".
"durante during; while" supplemented meanings "for {during}; in {during};"
and prefered to "duranto 1"
"eleganta 1 trim {adj}" same as "eleganti 1 elegant". So added meanings
to each other.
"elekti 1 appoint; ballot; choice; choose; elect; election; pick
{chose}; select" added meaning "selection".
"excita excite" and "excite 1 excite; thrill" as synonyms. So
supplemented meaning "thrill" to "excita". "excita" prefered because of
Latin "excitare". Added meaning "exciting" to both. Made new item
"excita viagia adventure" and prefered it to "excite viagia".
"fa [u ] 1 bunch; bundle" same as "fa[-] 1 bundle; cluster; group; set".
So added meanings "cluster; group; set" to "fa [u ]" and
"bunch" to "fa[-]".
"fago" prefer to "sito" and "vora" !!!
"falko falcon; hawk" same as "falkona 1 hawk". So added meaning
"falcon" to "falkona".
"fide" supplemented meaning "confident"
"flami-fero 1 match" added "matchstick" and "match {fire}".
New word "flama-fero 1*++ match {fire}; matchstick" because of
"flama" (flame, cf. Latin flama, -ae) prefered.
"flasc" supplemented meaning "lightning"
"flavora {=flavoro} 1X flavor" and "flavoro 1 flavor" added meaning
"flavour".
"flexi 1 bend; bend {v}; flex" added meaning "curve {v}".
New item: "ge-flexi 1++ bent; curved"
"fo" same as "-fo" and "forti". So added meanings "tight {strong}; vivid"
to "fo".
"fodlna mine {undergound}; pit": Spelling mistake corrected to
"fodina".
"foedi fithy; foul": Spelling mistake corrected to "filthy".
"forum market place": changed to "market-place".
"fosi 1 dig; pour" same as "fusi 1 pour". Added meaning "dig" to "fusi".
"fumi tubi 1 chimney" as synonym to "fumi-tubi". So supplemented meaning
"smokestack"
"fune" as synonym to "funebri". Supplemented meanings
"funeral; funereal" to "fune". Added meanings "burial; bury" to
"funebri". "fune" prefered.
"fusta 1 shaft" same as "fusti cudgel; shaft". So added meaning
"cudgel" to "fusta".
"game 1G marry" added meaning "marriage".
"ge-frakti 1++ broken" new item.
"globa 1 globe" same as "globo ball; globe". So added meaning
"ball" to "globa".
"gono 1++G" prefered to "angula"
Then: "qadrangula 1 quadrangle" replaced by "tetra-gono 1*+G"
Then: "trigono 1+G triangle" supplemented meanings "three-cornered"
and "triangular"
But: ???: "rektangula 1+ rectangle" remains, supplemented meaning
"rectangular"
"grana 1 grain" supplemented meaning "corn"
"gravi 1 grave; heavy; serious" changes meanings to
"grave; important; serious", "heavy" removed.
So "gravi-ma 1 matter" gets "X" and made new item "bari-ma 1* matter".
"gri grey" prefered to "polio" because of better dinstinction to
"poli".
"gru 1++ adapt; convenient; fit; fitting; proper; relevant; suit {v};
suitable" added meaning "property". "gru" prefered to: "kongru 1 adapt;
suitable fit" and "adapta 1+ adapt, fit"
"guma 1 palate; rubber" same as "gumi" (see "gumi-buti").
Added item "gumi 1 palate; rubber". "guma" gets "X" because of
Latin "gummi" (uninflected word with Egyptian origin).
"gumi-buti 1 wellington" gets "X" and made new item
"gumi-botina 1* wellington"
"id 1 it" added meaning "its".
"ilex holm + Oak" corrected to "ilex + holm-oak". Put together with
"Ilex 1 holly".
"importa mero 1 features" made new item "gravi mero".
"importa pro 1 concern" made new item "gravi pro".
"industri" same as "industria". Added meaning "industrial" to "industri",
"industry" to "industri".
"inklude-ra 1*++ enclosure ", new word to "inklude". Prefered to
"kleda".
"inkoragi 1 encourage" same as "inkoragio encourage; encouragement".
Added meaning "encouragement" to "inkoragi".
"introduce 1 introduce" added meaning "introduction".
"insigni 1 ensign; flag" same as "insignia 1 badge; banner; flag".
So added meanings to each other.
"insulta lnsult": spelling mistake corrected to "insulta insult".
"invidi 1 envy" same as "invidio envious; envy; jealous".
Meanings "envious" and "jealous" added to "invidi".
Added to both meaning " jealousy".
"iti 1 itinerary; journey" same as "itinera 1 travel". So added
meanings "itinerary; journey" to "itinera" and "travel" to "iti".
"hesi cling; sticky" same as "hesita hesitate; stick; sticky".
So added meaning "cling" to "hesita" and "hesitate; stick" to "hesi".
"holo tem 1 forever" same as "holo-tem ever; forever". So added
meaning "ever".
"holo apri 1 wide open" spelling mistake corrected to "holo aperi".
"homo 1G alike; like {similar}; likeness; resemble; same; similar"
added meanings "likeness; similarity".
"horo-me 1 clock" added meaning "watch".
"humoro 1G disposition; humour" added meaning "humor".
"idio" same as "ideo". Added meaning "identity" to "idio".
"juve-hipo 1 pony" changed meaning to "colt {foal}; filly {foal}; foal".
(Pony is "poni").
"kako-zelo 1 jealous" added meaning "jealousy".
"kakafoni G clatter" same as "kako foni G noise" and
"kakofoni G tumult" and "kakofono G din" and "kako-fono cacaphony".
Corrected spelling mistake to "cakophony".
Added meanings to each other. Prefered "kako-fono" because of "fono".
"kamerada 1 comrade; mate" same as "kameradi 1 fellow". So added
meanings to each other.
"kampo 1 camp" same as "kampu + camp; field". So added meaning
"field" to "kampo".
"kancela 1 cancel; lattice" same as "kanceli 1 cancel". So added
meaning "lattice" to "kanceli". "kancela" gets "X" because of
Latin "cancelli, orum m.".
"kandi-cinera 1*++ embers" new item from "kandi 1 glow" and
"cinera 1 ash; ashes; cinder "
"kapitana 1 captain" same as "kapitano 1 captain; skipper". So added
meaning "skipper" to "kapitana".
"kapsa 1 parcel" same as "kapsu 1 box; capsule". So added meanings
to each other.
"karce 1 cage; incarcerate; jail" same as "karcera 1 cage; imprison;
jail; prison". So added meanings to each other.
"kargo vagona 1 truck" added meaning "lorry".
"kaverna 1 cave; cavern" same as "kaverno 1 cave".
Added meaning "cavern" to "kaverno".
Prefered "kaverna" because of Latin "caverna".
"kavita 1 cavity; hollow; pit" same as "kavito 1 hollow". Added
meanings to "kavito".
"kefa kosina 1 bolster" same as "kefa-kosina 1 pillow". Added
meanings to each other.
"kerami" synonym to "cerami". Supplemented meanings "earthenware" to
"kerami", "ceramic; clay" to "kerami". "kerami" prefered.
and prefered "kerami".
"kerosena 1 paraffin" same as "kerosina 1G kerosene". So added
meanings to each other.
"kinema" as synonym to "cinema". So supplemented meanings "motion
picture theater; movie theater"
"klavi 1 key; plug {elec}" added meanings "close {with key}; lock {v}".
Added new word "ge-klavi *++ closed; shut {closed}; locked"
"ko-lekti 1 gather" same as "kolekti 1 collect; pick {collect}", so
added meanings to each other.
"kolora 1 colour" added meanings "color" and "tinge" (cf. "kolori").
"kolori 1 color; tinge" added meaning "colour".
"koloro color" added meaning "colour" and "tinge" (cf. "kolori").
"komerci 1 trade" same as "komercia 1 commerce; trade". So added
meaning "commerce" to "komerci".
"kompositi 1 composition" same as "kompositio composition" and
"komposito composite; compound". So added meanings "composite" and
"compound" to "kompositi" and "kompositio".
"koragi 1 courage" same as "koragio 1 courage; courageous". So added
meaning "courageous" to "koragi". Added "brave" to both.
"korako crow; raven" same as "Korax 1 raven". So added meaning
"crow" to "Korax".
"krania 1 cranium; skull" same as "kraniu 1 skull". So added meaning
"cranium" to "kraniu". Comes from Greek "kranion".
"kripto 1G conceal; cryptic; hidden; hide; mystery" added meaning
"stealthy".
"kriti-pe 1 critic" made new item "kritici-pe".
"kupra-zinka 1*++ brass" new word. Made from "kupra-zink" and
"cupra-zinka 1".
"kura" supplemented meanings "attend; attendance"
"lakri 1 cry {weep}; weep" same as "lakrima 1 tear {eye}; tear {weep};
weep {cry}". So added meanings "cry {weep}" to "lakri" and
"tear" to "lakrima".
"lami 1 laminate; pane; sheet; slice" same as
"lamina 1 film; layer; pane; plate; sheet; slice {thin} ".
So added meanings "film; layer; plate" to "lami" and
"laminate" to lami".
"lauda" supplemented meaning "approval".
New word: "no-lauda 1*+ disapproval; disapprove"
"laurus bay tree" same as "Laurus 1 laurel". Put both together
to "Laurus 1 bay tree; laurel".
"lava" supplemented meaning "bath"
"laxa" and "laxi" should be synonyms. Supplemented meaning "loose" to
"laxa" and "lax" to "laxi". "laxa" prefered because of Latin "laxare".
"lekita yolk" added meaning "egg yolk".
"ligni-bloka 1 log" added meaning "beam {wooden}".
"limaci slug" same as "Limax 1 slug; snail". So added meaning "snail"
to "limaci".
"limi 1 mud; slime" same as "limo 1 mud". So added meaning "slime"
to "limo"
"logi 1G understand" added meaning "understanding".
"lubri slippery" could be removed and then take "glisa ... slip" ???
"ma-boni 1 better; improve; revise" added meaning "improvement".
"marmelada jam" same as "marmelade 1 marmalade". So added meaning
"jam" to "marmelade" and "marmalade" to "marmelada".
"marona maroon" same as "maroni chestnut". So added meaning "chestnut"
to "marona" and "maroon" to "maroni".
"mega preci 1*++ expensive" new item.
"mei" / "meio", but "ma" !!! ???
"melodi 1G melody; tune" added meaning "melodious".
"merita deserve; merit" same as "merito 1 deserve; earn; merit". So
added meaning "earn" to "merita".
"merka-lo + market; marketplace": changed "marketplace" to "market-place".
"mero 1++G bit; department; district; fragment; instalment; morsel;
part; part {n}; partly; piece; portion; section; share" added meaning
"partial".
"mira" supplement of "admire"
"mobila furniture; piece of furniture" same as
"mobili 1 furnish; furniture; piece of furniture". So added meaning
"furnish" to "mobila".
"ne a nu not yet" [should be ~ne a-nu~] !!!
"no-bi nume 1 not even; odd {not even}" added meaning "uneven {number}".
"no-feno 1*++ disappear" new word, prefered to "dispare"
"no-functio 1 useless" same as "no-funktio 1 out of order".
Added meanings to each other. "no-functio" gets "X" because it is a
spelling mistake.
??? non-ami (enemy; foe; hostile; ill-feeling)
and non-amo (disgust; mean {not nice})
"origina origin" same as "origi 1G origin; source". So added meaning
"source" to "origina". "origina" gets "X".
"para [u ] 1++G neighborhood; neighbourhood; vicinity" new item.
"para-pe 1 neighbour" added meaning "neighbor"
"parokia neighborhood" added meaning "neighbourhood".
"parokia-pe neighbor" added meaning "neighbour".
"pausa 1G pause" same as "pausi pause; rest". So added meaning
"rest" to "pausa".
"petitio 1 appeal; ask; beg; implore; invite; petition; request"
added meaning "invitation".
??? "plana", "plani", "plano"
"poste 1 astern; behind; rear" added meaning "posterior".
"pre 1 ago; before; before {time}; former; previous; prior"
added meaning "formerly".
"precise 1 exact; precise" same as "precisi precise". So added
meaning "exact" to "precisi".
"preka 1 plea; pray" added meaning "prayer".
"presa 1 crowd {v}; crush; press; print" same as
"presu 1 press; squeeze". So added meanings "crowd {v}; crush; print"
to "presu" and "squeeze" to "presa". "presu" gets "X".
Added meaning "pressure" to both.
"profesi profess; profession" same as "profesio 1 profession". So added
meaning "profess" to "profesio".
"proprio ones own" added meaning "own {v}".
"publika 1 advertise; public; publish" added meaning "advertisement".
"puni 1 penalty; punish; revenge; vengeance" added meaning "punishment".
"punkta 1 dot; full stop; point" same as "punktu 1 dot; point; point
{dot}". So added meanings "point {dot}" to "punkta" and
"full stop" to "punktu". "punkta" prefered.
"puta 1 calculate; idea; reckon; think; thought; trim {v}" added
meaning "compute".
"qestio" added meaning "inquiry".
"rape 1 seize" same as "rapi 1 arrest; grab; grasp; seize; snatch".
So added meanings to "rape". "rape" gets "X" because of Latin rapIo.
"re- 1 again" same as "re{-} again; return to beginning". Put both
together.
"reali 1 actual; fulfil; real; really" added meaning "reality".
"retina of eye" corrected to "retina retina".
"rigi 1 rigid; stiff {rigid}" same as "rigidi 1 stiff". So added
meaning "rigid" to "rigidi".
"riva brook" same as "rivula 1 brook; stream". So added meaning
"stream" to "rivula".
"rhodo{-} rose color": spelling mistake corrected to "rodo".
"rostra" and "rostri", added meaning "spout". Prefered "bek".
"rumora 1 gossip; rumor" added meaning "rumour".
"rupti 1 interrupt" added meaning "interruption".
"salva 1 rescue; reserve; save" added meaning "reservation".
"sathe penis": spelling mistake corrected to "sate".
"scena 1 stage" same as "skena 1G scene" and "skeno scene; stage".
So added meaning "scene" to "scena" and "stage" to "skena".
"no-semani 1G nonsense" added meaning "senseless".
"seniora 1 madam; Mistress; Mrs" same as "siniora 1 madam; miss;
mistress; Mrs; Ms". So added meanings each other. "siniora" gets "X"
because of Latin "senior".
"shunt shunt": spelling mistake corrected to "scunt".
"sibi": an-sibi ++ brother/ fe-sibi ++ sister
prefered to: adelfo (brother), fratri 1 (brother), sorori 1 (sister)
adelfa (sister)
"signifi" not in Core/Basic, because of synonyms: semani, signi
"ski 1++ know" supplemented meaning "knowledge"
"sko 1G instruct; lecture; lesson" added meaning "instruction".
"skope 1G look; look at; observe; view {v}; watch" added meaning
"observation".
"sofi 1G" added meaning "wisdom".
"solita 1 lone; solitary" same as "solitu alone; solitary; solitude".
So added meanings "alone; solitude" to "solita" and "lone" to "solitu".
"soni 1 aloud; chime; pronounce; sound" same as "sono pronunciation".
So added meanings "aloud; chime; pronounce; sound" to "sono" and
"pronunciation" to "sono".
"steno via 1 gangway; lane; passage" same as "steno-via 1 alley; corridor".
So added meanings each other.
"sti pato 1G infection" added meaning "infect".
"stulta fool" same as "stulti foolish". Added meaning "foolish" to
"stulta" and "fool" to "stulti".
"su 1 above; over" same as "supra 1 above; over; over {local};
overhead; senior; superior; top; upper; upstairs ". So added meanings
"over {local}; overhead; senior; superior; top; upper; upstairs" to "su".
"pan 1G all" same as "panto 1++G all; every". So added meaning
"every" to "pan". Added meaning "both {if only two}".
"plus 1 additional; also; and; another; as well as; extra" same as
"pluso 1 also; extra; plus; spare". So added meanings
"plus; spare" to "plus" and "additional; and; another; as well as"
to "pluso".
"tape 1 carpet; mat" added meaning "rug".
"tapeta carpet; mat" added meaning "rug".
"te" same as "tende". So added meanings to "te".
"tem gene 1 borrow; hire" same as "tem-gene 1 borrow". So added meaning
"hire" to "tem-gene".
"testi-ra 1*++ testimony" new word, prefered to "atesta-ra".
"timi fear; timid" added meaning fearful.
"tini ringing" supplemented meanings "ring; tinkle" and prefered to
"tintina 1+ ring; tinkle"
Then new word "tini-ru *++ bell" and prefered to "kampani"
"kampani" not in Basic because of "kampania campaign"
"tortu 1++ torture; twist; wring" supplemented meaning "torment"
"traba 1 beam; girder" same as "trabi beam {n}" and
"trava beam; rafter". So added meanings.
"triba tribe" same as "tribu 1 distribute; tribe ". So added meaning
"distribute" to "triba".
"truka 1 lorry" added meaning "truck".
"tum *++ then" new word directly from Latin or as short form to
(-la-e), because u-la-kron and u-la-tem are too long.
(See "U Lupus"-discussion in Glosalist")
"ungua 1 fingernail; hoof; nail {finger}" same as "ungui fingernail"
and "ungu 1 anoint; claw; hoof; ungula" and "ungula hoof".
So added meanings to each other.
"unio 1++" supplemented meaning "assembly"
"vaso 1 container; vase; vessel" same as "vasa 1 container; jar;
pot {vase}; receptacle; tank; vase; vessel {container}". So added
meanings to "vaso".
"veni 1 arrive; come" added meaning "arrival".
"vesti 1 clothing; dress; garment" same as "ve[-] 1 clothe; dress;
garment". So added meanings each other.
"vestibulo entrance hall" as synonym to "vestibula vestibule",
vestibulo prefered because of Latin vestibulum; meanings supplemented
"veterano old soldier" added meaning "veteran".
"veto 1 forbid; prohibit; veto" added meaning "prohibition".
"vex" same as "vexa". So added meaning "worry" to "vexa" and
"annoy; vex" to "vex".
"viteli egg yolk" added meaning "yolk".
"vive-ra 1 being {n}" supplemented meaning "creature". "bio-ra" prefered.
"vulne 1 wound" added meaning "lesion".
"zo 1 ring; zone" to "zo[-]". As synonym to "zona" supplemented meanings
"belt; girdle; hoop"
2000-10
Added "G"-marks with the book "Glosa 6000" and compared meanings of
"G"-words, doing that found and corrected errors and added English
meanings:
"agamo G" corrected to "unmarried".
"algia[{-}] G pain" supplemented.
"amila 1+G starch" added meaning "meal".
"amo {=sili} GX sand" added.
"anestesia G" corrected to "not feeling".
"angio G vessel" added meaning "box".
"anigo G opened" added meaning "open".
"an-iso G unequal" item added.
"arkio G " corrected to "toils", added meaning "net"
"asila 1++G asylum; harbor; haven; refuge; shelter" same as
"asilu 1+G safe place". So added meanings to each other. "asilu"
prefered, "asila" gets "X".
"asimetri +G assymetry" corrected to "asymmetry".
"Astarte G Astarte {Phoenician goddess of love}" item added.
"auto strata G highway" item added.
"badisti +G walker" added meaning "goer".
"baratro G abyss" added meaning "gulf".
"baro 1+G press; pressure" added meaning "weigh".
"basi 1++G base; basis; grounds" added meaning "found {v}".
"basidium +G pedesta" corrected to "pedestal".
"batalo +G hind part" added meaning "anus".
"bato 1++G deep; depth" added meaning "batho-; skate; ray-fish".
"bauko +G prude" added meaning "affected".
"baxi G rumor; rumour" added meaning "saying".
"bi-gami two-marriages" item added.
Added meaning "bigamy" to "bi-gami" and "bi-game".
"blema G glance" added meanings "coverlet" and "look".
"botro +G pit {of fruit}" added meaning "sucker".
"bu- +G huge" added meaning "monstrous".
"daktili G toe" added meaning "finger".
"degma G sting" added meaning "bite".
"Demeter G Demeter {goddess of agriculture}" item added.
"didimo G twin" added meaning "testicle".
"dis G bad" added meaning "ill".
"dollko long" corrected to "doliko".
"eko 1++G address; dwell; inhabit; live; live {dwell}; reside" added
meaning "household".
"ekoik +G echoic" corrected to "ekoiki".
"embolo G wedge" added meaning "throw in".
"estra G frenzy" added meaning "gadfly".
"eu 1+G good; well" added meaning "goodness".
"fatna +G manger" added meaning "socket".
"fengo +G splendour" added meaning "splendor; light".
"fido G sting" corrected meaning to "stingy".
"filo G leaf" item added.
"fodo G blister" added meaning "burn".
"fono 1++G phone[-]; aloud; sound" added meaning "voice".
"frasi G sentence" added meaning "speak".
"frika G ripple" item added.
"galante + woo" added meaning "court".
"geri G sound" added meaning "voice".
"gnomono G index" added meaning "judge".
"gomfo G bolt; peg" added meaning "nail".
"gonato G knee" added meanings "knee-joint; node".
"gongro G swelling" added meaning "knot".
"gorgo +G abyss" added meaning "whirlpool".
"gripo G hooked" added meaning "curved".
"hagno G pure" added meaning "innocent".
"hebdoma G week {7 days}" added meaning "seven".
"helo G meadow" added meaning "marsh".
"hemato G blood; blood red" added meaning "red".
"herma G prop" added meaning "stay".
"hespero G evening" added meaning "west".
"hilo G wood {substance}" added meaning "matter".
"homeo G like {similar}" added meaning "rather like".
"homo 1++G alike; like {similar}; likeness; resemble; same; similar;
similarity" added meaning "very like".
"horizo 1++G boundary; horizon; lying down" added meaning "limit".
"idoli 1G idol" same as "idolo G image". So added meanings to each
other.
"iris G iris" added meaning "rainbow".
"istmus +G istmus" English meaning corrected to "isthmus", added
meaning "neck of land".
"kaeno G gaping" added meaning "gape".
"kaliba G steel" added meaning "hut".
"karcino G cancer" added meaning "crab".
"keno G empty" item added.
"kilo G lip; rim" item added.
"kio +G snowy" added meaning "snow".
"kineti G motion; moving" item added.
"kini G dog" item added.
"kinika +G cynic" added meaning "dog-like".
"kio G pregnant; swell" item added.
"kipselo +G beehive" added meaning "box".
"kiruroi ++ surgery; surgical" corrected to "kirurgi".
"kledo +G dirt; muck" added meaning "mud".
"klepsidra G water-clock" item added.
"klono +G clone" added meaning "twig".
"knipo G stinging" added meaning "stingy".
"kokix +G coccyx" added meaning "cuckoo".
"kolapto G strike" added meaning "chisel".
"komo G decoration" item added.
"konka G shell" added meaning "snail".
"kopto G kill" added meaning "cut".
"kufo G tight" corrected to "light {not heavy}", added meaning "easy".
"labe +G handle {hold}" added meanings "handle; tool".
"lafigmo +G greed" added meaning "greedy".
"lambe wash" added meaning "lick".
"latex 1++G rubber" added meaning "juice" and "liquid extract".
"latici 1G juice; liquid extract; rubber" added meaning "juice".
"leko G couch" added meaning "bed".
"lepto 1+G slender; slim; thin" added meanings "fine; delicate".
"lisimakia +G looses strife" corrected to "loosestrife".
"liso G crazy; mad" added meaning "smooth".
"mano +G rarefied" added meanings "thin; rare".
"manti +G divination" added meaning "soothsayer" (manti-pe ???).
"mati G learn" added meaning "maths".
"mela {=melano} G black" item added.
"meter G mother" added meaning "womb".
"metro G mother" added meaning "womb".
"mikron +G millionth/metre" added meaning "millionth of a metre [one ]".
"mio 1G muscle" added meaning "mouse".
"miosotis G mouse-ear; forget-me-not" item added.
"miso G dirt" item added.
"miti G myth" item added.
"nasma G spring {source}" added meaning "stream".
"nemesis +G retributive justice" corrected to "Nemesis {goddess of
restributive justice".
"neta 1G duck; neat" removed meaning "neat".
"nikti G night" item added.
"noto G spurious" item added.
"oestro +G sex-heat" added meaning "gadfly".
"oma G eye" item added.
"Orkidi 1+G orchid" added meaning "testicle".
"pali G again; backwards" item added.
"paradisi 1+G heaven; paradise" same as "paradiso 1G paradise". So
added meaning "heaven {paradise}" to "paradiso" and "{heaven}" to
"paradisi".
"pasi +G all {for all}" meaning corrected to "all [for ]; for all".
"pedo G ground; sod" added meaning "soil".
"pelargo G stork" added meaning "geranium".
"peleka 1 axe" same as "peleki", so added meaning "hatchet".
"pidako G fountain" added meaning "spring".
"pielo +G pelvis" added meaning "trough".
"plamkto G float" item added.
"pletora +G abundance" added meaning "crowd".
"podistra G foot-trap {n}" item added.
"psesto G scraped" added meaning "rubbed".
"ptilo G feather" added meaning "wing".
"ptoma G corpse" added meaning "falling".
"rino 1++G muzzle; nose; rhino-" added meaning "snout".
"sfenisko G penguin {Jakass penguin with wedge-shaped wing}" item
added.
"sim +G sym- {with}" added meaning "with".
"sistremo +G twist together" added meaning "anything twisted together".
"siszigo G united; yoked" item added.
"skafo G boat" added meaning "trough".
"skeli G rib" added meaning "side".
"skeu G vessel" added meaning "tool".
"skito G hide {skin}; leather" added meaning "skin".
"sknipo G stingy" item added.
"skope G range" item added.
"spondilo +G vertebrum" corrected to "vertebra".
"spude G zeal" added meaning "exertion".
"staki G spike" added meaning "stachy".
"stamini +G stamen" added meaning "thread".
"steato G suet" added meaning "fat".
"stegno +G closed {tight}" added meaning "constricted".
"sterigma G prop; support" item added.
"stibado G bed" added meaning "mattress".
"stiko G row {n}" added meaning "line".
"strombi +G top {n}" added meaning "spiral shell".
"tekno G child" item added.
"teli +G nipple" added meaning "teat".
"teri G animal" item added.
"tiko G chance" item added.
"tilo G knot" added meaning "knob".
"tino G stretch" item added.
"titiro G pipe [shepherd's ]" item added.
"tito G young" added meaning "small".
"tito G kind of owl" item added.
"toeko +G ship side {wall}; wall" added meaning "house-wall".
"topika 1++G topic" added meaning "theme".
"toraci 1++G chest {anat}" added meaning "breast".
"tormo G socket" added meaning "hole".
"trano G distinct" added meaning "clear".
"trano G bench; stool" item added.
"trapezi +G trapezium" added meaning "table".
"trema G nurseling" item added.
"trema G hole" item added.
"trepo G turn" item added.
"trio G rub" added meaning "wear out".
"tripsi +G rubbing" added meaning "small [a breaking]".
"trismo G grind" item added.
"troglo G cave" added meaning "hole".
"tropika 1++G tropical; tropics" added meaning "excessive".
"zofo G dusk" added meaning "gloom".
With PGN 37, p. 3:
"kontorti twist" added meaning "contortion".
"popula people; popular; popularity" added meaning "population".
"realismo realism" item added.
"realisti realist" item added.
"komunismo communism" item added.
"fatalisti fatalist" item added.
"supraflu 1 superfluous" added meaning "overflow".
Alphabetical sorting improved.
2001
2001-04-14
Compared internet data with book "Glosa 6000".
"Supplemented" are meanings that are in no Richmond list because they
are obvious when Glosa word and English word are very similar, e.g.
"skalpel surgical knife" added meaning "scalpel".
"aeronaut airman": book says "aero naut". Changed to "aero-naut".
Not changed: "aero-navi", book says "aero nave".
"aestu G heat" added meanings "fervor; fervour".
"afektio fond of" changed to "fond of [be ] ".
"agrava worse {make}" changed to "worsen; make worse".
"akini grape" added meaning "berry".
"akulea thorn" added meaning "sting".
"alora in that case" changed to "case [in that ]".
"ambiti moving around perimeter" added meaning "action rage".
"amenti strap" added meanings "catkin; thong".
"ampelo G vine" changed to "vine {plant}".
"ampere + Ampere" changed to "Ampere".
"animala animal" same as "animali 1++ animal; beast". So added
meaning "beast" to "animali".
"ante 1 ahead; before; before {place}; fore; front; in front" removed
meaning "before" (before {time} is pre).
"antekamera waiting room": book says "ante kamera". Changed to
"ante-kamera".
"antemeridia" same as "ante meso-di". So added meanings.
"antero front" added meaning "in front".
"artikula speak clearly" item added.
"atramenta black fired" corrected to "black fluid". Added meaning "ink".
"autumna autumn; Fall {Autumn}" corrected to "fall {autumn}".
"auxi grow" item added.
"auximo help; grow" item added.
"ave hail; + Hello" corrected to "ave + hail; hello", added meaning
"hullo".
"avergonia + shame {put to}" changed to "avergonia + shame [put to ]".
"bagage baggage" added "{French}".
"balota toss about" item added.
"baskula weigh" added meaning "swing".
"basta enough" changed to "enough!". Added meaning "stop!".
"bili bile" added meaning "anger".
"bis-kokta biscuit" same as "biskokta 1+ biscuit; wafer". So added
meaning "wafer" to "bis-kokta".
"blandi + bland" added meaning "soft".
"bola 1++ ball; sphere" added meanings "throw {n}; stroke {n}".
"bombo buzz" added meaning "boom".
"bombus + bee {bumble}" corrected to "bumblebee".
"bosko wood" item added.
"braki short" item added.
"brakisto shortest" item added.
"brava brave {adj}" corrected to "brave {v}".
"brika roar; bellow" item added.
"bronko G wind-pipe" item added.
"bruma + wintry" added meaning "winter". [Book says "fog", too ???]
"bruta 1+ brute; bully; gruff" added meanings "rough; stupid".
Same to "bruti".
"buka 1++ cheek" added meanings "cheeks; mouth".
"buli pucker" item added.
"bura nonsense" added meaning "trifle".
"buro 1 bureau; office" added meaning "desk".
"butona 1++ button; knob {button}" added meaning "pinple".
"bux-us + box-wood" corrected to "buxus".
"casa 1++ chase; chase {hunt}; hunt; hunt {chase}; pursue" added meaning
"hunting".
"cede 1++ cede {yield}; surrender; yield; yield {cede}" added meaning
"go {cede}".
"cedro + Cedar" corrected to "cedar".
"celera hurry; quick; swift" changed "swift" to "swift {quick}" [cf. tako].
"ceno-bio cenoby" item added. [meaning ???]
"centi 1++ cent; hundredth" added meaning
"hundred {prefer hekto, take centi for hundredth}"
"centipedi centipede" item added.
"cerne + discern" added meaning "sift".
"certa [u ] 1 certain" item deleted. Then added meaning "certain [a ]" to
"certa".
"cetera + others {the other}" added meaning "others [the ]".
"cirkumskribe + limit {v}; restrict {v}" changed to ".. limit {v};
restrict" [cf. "restrikti"].
"cirkumvalla + enclose in rampart" corrected to "cirkumvala".
"cista chest {storage}" added meaning "box".
"citi swift" changed to "swift {quick}" [harmonize with tako. Cf. Lat.
citus, -a, -um].
"dasi G hairy" added meaning "dasy".
"dehisce dehisce" item added.
"delirio crazy" added meaning "mad".
"demanda 1 ask for; charge; demand; order a book; order {demand}"
deleted meaning "order a book", "order {demand}" stays.
"demora remain; stay" item added.
"depositi safe place {put}" changed to "safe place [put in ]".
"depresi sad {make}" changed to "sad [make ]".
"detaila detail" added meaning "retail".
"deteriora worse {get}" changed to "worse [get ]".
"digita finger" added meaning "toe".
"digi" same as "digita" so added meaning "toe".
"dina dine" item added.
"dis- negative {prefix}" changed to "dis- dys- {negative prefix}".
"dokumenta doctument" corrected to "document".
"dys bad" item deleted, it is "dis", "dys" is only an etymological note.
"eke Behold" changed to "eke ! behold ! ".
"elasti 1G coil {spring}; elastic; spring {n}; spring {coil}"
removed meaning "spring {n}".
"emacia thin {make}" corrected to "thin [make ]".
"emancipa set free" changed to "free [set ]", added meaning "emancipate".
"episkopa 1G bishop" same as "episkopi G overseer", so added
"bishop" to "episkopi" and "overseer" to "episkopa".
"eqivoka + equivocale" corrected to "equivocate".
"era wander" item added.
"erupti burst" corrected to "burst out". Added meaning "erupt".
"es 1 am; are; be; be {to be}; is; there is/are" deleted meaning
"be {to be}".
"estu heat" added meanings "fervor; fervour".
"exaspera worse {make}" changed to "worse [make ]".
"exiguo small; scanty" item added.
"exkoria scrape skin off" added meanings "graze; bark" and "excoriate".
"exorbita excessive {adj}" corrected to "excessive [be ]".
"expropria expropriale" corrected to "expropriate".
"exqisite exqusite" corrected to "exquisite".
"extermina rid {get rid}" changed to "rid of [get ]".
"exubera abundant {adj}" changed to "abundant [be ]".
"exuvia slough" added meaning "skin".
"extraordinari 1 extra-ordinary; extraordinary" deleted meaning
"extra-ordinary".
"extravaga extravagant" added meaning "extravagantly [behave ]".
"fagus beech tree" same as "Fagus 1 beech", made to one item.
"farci farce" added meaning "stuff".
"fascia band; bundle" item added, synonym to "faski", so meanings
"band {group}; bunch; bundle; cluster; group; set; sheaf".
"faskia bundle; group; set" changed to
"faskia {=faski} X band {group}; bunch; bundle; cluster; group; set; sheaf".
"faskina 1 fascinate" same as "fascina 1 fascinate; tempt", so
added meaning "tempt".
"fastigia point {give to}" changed to "point to [give ]".
"fasto + pomp" added meaning "display".
"fatiga ...; tire; ... " changed to "...; tire {v}; ... ".
"favori favorable; favour" added meanings "favourable; favor".
"februari February" and "Februari 1 February" made to one item "Februari".
"feru 1 ferrous; iron; iron {Fe}" deleted meaning "iron {Fe}".
"fini 1 complete; conclude; end; final; finish; goal; terminate"
added meaning "aim".
"foku 1 centre; focus" added meaning "fire".
"foliage {French} foliage" same as "folia", so added meaning "leaf".
"fove pit" changed to "fove pit {n}".
"funda 1 base; bottom" added meaning "found".
"fuselage + fuselage" added note "{French}".
"fusi spindle" item added.
"garage garage" added note "{French}".
"gemini 1 twin" added meaning "twins".
"genikulato bent {knee}" changed to "bent {like knee}".
"geri G sound" added meaning "voice".
"gilotina guillotine" added note "{French}".
"glomera compact {v}" added meaning "ball {v}".
"gourmet gourmet" added note "{French}".
"grandina hall" corrected to "hail" !!!
"gratis 1 for nothing; free of charge; free {of charge}" removed
meaning "free of charge".
"gravi 1 grave; important; serious" added meaning "heavy".
"grumo clot" added meaning "lump".
"guisa manner; way" changed to "guisa manner; way {manner}"
"gurgita surge" added meaning "boil; abyss; whirlpool".
"gurgulio gurgle" added meaning "throat".
"hagno G pure" added meaning "innocent".
"herba 1 herb" added meaning "plant {n}".
"hilu trifle" added meaning "scar".
"hisce gaping; opened" corrected to "open; gape".
"horizo 1++G boundary; horizon; limit; lying down" same as
"horizon G horizon", so added meanings to "horizon".
"imbu wet" added meaning "inspire".
"impatie impatient {make}" changed to ".. impatient [make ] ".
"impinge strike" added meaning "hit".
"importa 1 considerable; great; import; importance; important" added
meaning "important [be ]".
"inferi below; beneath; under" same as "infra 1 below; beneath;
inferior; under", so added meaning "inferior" to "inferi".
"ingratia-se ingratiate oneself" corrected to "ingratia se".
"injuri wrong {v}; injure" item added.
"inkola resident" changed to "resident {n}".
"inoskula join by mouths" item added and added meaning "inosculate".
"inscena stage {put on}" corrected to "stage [put on ]".
"instrumenta 1 instrument; tool" added comment "{=ru}" and meanings
"implement; utensil".
"jace 1 lie down {v}; lie {to lie down}" changed to
"lie down {v}; lie {down} {v}".
"januari January" and "Januari 1 January" made to one item "Januari".
"joko 1 jest; joke; joke {play a}" changed to "..; joke [play a ]",
added meaning "play".
"kaleidoskope G visions [lovely ]" added meaning "look at lovely
visions", supplemented meaning "kaleidoscope".
"kaliba G hut; steel" added meaning "iron".
"kalido hot" added meaning "warm".
"kalko G copper {Cu}" changed to only "copper".
"kalo-tipa G woodpecker" in G6000-book without hyphen though NOT CHANGED.
"kalus conr {hard skin}; hard skin" corrected to ".. corn .. ".
"kamina fireplace" added meaning "chimney".
"kampestri fields {about}" changed to "fields [about ]; fields [of ]".
"kanali 1 canal; channel; ditch; drain; groove; gutter" added meaning
"furrow".
"kancera crab" same as "kanceri 1 cancer; crab; lattice" same as
"kancero 1 crab", so added meanings "cancer; lattice" to "kancera"
and "kancero".
"kandida candid" added meanings "shining; frank {adj}".
"kanoro singing": G6000-book gives meaning "eringing" (???, perhaps
="ringing" ???), not added.
"kapitala 1 capital; capital {city}" removed meaning "capital".
"kapitula 1 chapter" added meaning "capitulate".
"kaprimulgus goat {kid}" corrected to "goat milker; goatherd; goat
sucker" !!!
"kasa cash box; till {n}" item added.
"kaso 1 case; case {in case of}; in case of" changed to "case {event, c.
at court}; case of [in the ]" [see also vagina - case {container}].
"ke {original Glosa uses only semicolon} that {conjunction}" item added.
"kin-eti moving" item deleted (=kineti).
"klar-obskuro clar-oskuro" ??? what is that ???
"klaudi 1 cripple; lame" added meaning "limp".
"ko-opera 1 cooperate" corrected to "co-operate", added meaning "work
together".
"kompulsi compel" item added.
"kompunge remorse {feel}" corrected to "kompunge remorse [feel {v}];
remorse [move to ]". [remorse Engl. - Gewissensbisse; compungo lat.
eccl. - Reue empfinden]
"komuni 1 common; common {in common}" changed to "common [{in} ]".
"kongru {=gru} 1 adapt; suitable fit" corrected to
"kongru {=gru} 1 adapt; suitable; fit".
"konspikuo seen easily" supplemented meaning "conspicuous".
"kontende smuggle" corrected to "struggle" !!!
"kontrakti smaller {get}" corrected to "smaller [get ]", supplemented
meaning "contract {v}"
"konvalesce better {get}" corrected to "better [get ]", supplemented
meaning "convalesce".
"konveni convenient" added meaning "suit {v}".
"koopera {=ko-opera} X co-operate; work together" item added.
"koordina {=ko-ordina} X co-ordinate" item added.
"kordiali hearty; warm" changed to "..; warm {emotional}".
"kordila G swelling" added meaning "club".
"korvo 1 crow" same as "korvus raven", so added meaning "raven".
"korvus raven" same as "korvo 1 crow", so added meaning "crow".
"kreno G spring {n}" changed to ".. spring {source}"
(Greek κρ'ηνη).
"krepno G swift" changed to "swift {quick}" [harmonize with tako.
cf. Gr. κραιπν'ος]
"kribro sieve" same as "kribri 1 sieve; sift", so added meaning "sift".
"kroko 1+G saffron yellow; shingle" made to two items:
"kroko G yellow [saffron ]" and "kroko 1+G shingle".
"kruri leg {lower}" changed to "leg [lower ]", added meanings "leg;
thigh", supplemented "shank".
"kuba lie down" item added.
"kubila bed" added meaning "couch".
"kupra 1 copper; copper {Cu}" deleted meaning "copper {Cu}".
"labora 1 labor; work" added meaning "labour".
"laevo 1 left; left-hand" changed to "left {hand}; ..".
"lakna +G woolly hair" changed to ".. hair [woolly ]".
"lamium deadnettle" corrected to "dead-nettle".
"lancina pieces {tear to}" changed to ".. tear {to pieces}".
"lapida stone {to stone}" changed to "stone {v}".
"lapso slide; slip" changed to ".. slide; slip {slide}".
"larix latch" corrected to "larch" !!!
"late hidden {lie hidden}" changed to "... hidden [lie ]".
"legier light weight; nimble" changed to "... light {not heavy};
weight [light ]; nimble".
"levia 1 fickle; light weight; light {not heavy}" changed to
" ... weight [light ]; ... ".
"legislati laws {make}; legislate" changed to "legislati laws [make ];
legislate".
"levo 1 left-hand" same as "laevo 1 left {hand}; left-hand", so
added meaning "left {hand}" to "levo".
"libera free {set free}" changed to "libera free {v}; free [set ]".
"lice 1+ be allowed; legitimate; licence; license" changed to
".. allowed [be ]; ... ".
"licentia + license {to l.}" changed to only "licence; license".
"limno 1G lake" added meaning "marsh".
"litargo G swift" changed to "litargo {but letargi - lethargy} GX
swift {quick}" [harmonize with tako.
Cf. Gr. αργ'ος - schnell, flink,
aber auch faul].
"litera 1 letter {a,b,c}; letter {abc}; spell; spell {a,b,c}" removed
meanings "letter {a,b,c}" and "spell", "spell {a,b,c}" changed to
"spell {abc}".
"loge loge" corrected to "lodge" !!! and added meaning "box".
"lophi crest" item deleted (it is lofi) !!!
"lonicera honeysuckle" corrected to "honey-suckle" (Geißblatt).
"macera soften" added meaning "soak {soften}".
"madido sodden" added meaning "moist".
"magri thin {become}" changed to "magri thin [become ]".
"mal acide 1 disaster" same as "mal-acide 1 accident", so added
meaning "accident" to "mal acide" and note "{=mal-acide] 1X", and
meaning "disaster" to "mal-acide".
"mali dice 1 swear {curse}" same as "mali-dice 1 curse; slander; swear",
so added "X" to "mali dice" and meanings "curse; slender".
"mali-dice" changed meaning "swear" to "swear {curse}".
"malia mesh of net" changed to ".. mesh {of net}".
"mama 1++ breast" added meaning "nipple {breast}".
"manko be lacking" changed to ".. lacking [be ] ".
"mansueta tame" added meaning "gentle".
"margarita 1+G daisy; pearl" made to two items:
"margarita {=margari} GX pearl" and
"margarita 1 daisy". Supplemented meaning "marguerite".
"margina 1 border; ...": book G6000 says "boarder", but it should be
"border". It is corrected already.
"media media" added meaning "mediate".
"medika 1 medical" added meaning "medicate".
"medio 1 average; middle; moderate" added meaning "means {middle}".
"me[-] 1 device" same as "mekani" so added comment "{=mekani}"
"meliora 1 better {get}; improve; improvement" changed to
".. better [get ]; .." and added meaning "better {v}".
"mensa 1 counter; counter {table}; table" deleted meaning
"counter".
"merdie meridean" item deleted !!! (It's meridie.)
"meridie noom; meridean" item added !!!
"meskino G mean; paltry" changed to ".. mean {paltry}; .. ".
"meta G alter; change": book G6000 says "after", but certainly "alter"
is meant.
"metro G mother; womb; measure" made to two items:
"metro {=matri} GX mother; womb" and
"metro {=metri} GX measure".
"miliko G gentle; kind" changed to "..; kind {friendly}".
"minimo least {at}" changed to ".. least [at ]".
"minus 1 lack; less {-less}; minus; subtract; without" changed to
"..; less[-]; ..".
"minuta 1 minute {n}; minute {time}" removed meaning "minute {time}".
"mitiga milder {make}" changed to ".. milder [make ]".
"momio mummy" item added.
"monaka G monk {monastic}" changed to "monaka G monk; monastic"
(G6000-book has only "monk").
"monako 1G monk" added meaning "monastic".
"muce mouldy [be ]" item added (schimmlig/ modrig sein).
"muci 1 mukus; slime" added meaning "slimy".
"muskulo muscle" item added.
"naske born" corrected to "born [be ]".
"nexi 1 attach; connect; connection; join {connection}; junction" same as
"nexu 1 connection; connexion; interconnection; network", so added
meanings "connexion; interconnection; network" to "nexi" and
"attach; connect; join {connection}; junction" to "nexu".
"niti neat" added meaning "bright".
"nova 1 news; news-item" added meaning "news [piece of ]".
"obvio conspicuous; obvious" added meaning "clear".
"ociputa head {back of}" changed to "back of head".
"odino G childbirth pains" changed to "pains [childbirth ]".
"odori {=odoro} X odor; odour; smell" item added.
"oestro +G gadfly; sex-heat" corrected to ".. gad-fly; .. ".
"osci 1 oscillate; see-saw; sway; swing; wag {oscillate}" same as
"oscila oscillate" and "oscili swing" and "oski 1 oscillate; sway",
so added meanings "see-saw; sway; swing; wag {oscillate}" to "oscila",
"oscillate; see-saw; sway; wag {oscillate}" to "oscili" and
"see-saw; swing; wag {oscillate}" to "oski".
"otio be idle" changed to ".. idle [be ]".
"palato palate" added meaning "roof of mouth".
"palidi 1 pale; pale in colour; wan" changed to
"palidi 1 pale {in colour}; wan".
"palida 1 wan" same as "palidi 1 pale {in colour}; wan", so added
"pale {in colour}".
"palma palm tree" item deleted.
"palma 1 slap" added meanings "palm {hand}; palm {tree}".
"Palma 1 palm" item deleted.
"panela 1 cloth {piece}; panel" changed to ".. cloth [{piece of} ]; ..".
"panorama +G all-views" added meaning "panorama".
"papila nipple" added meaning "teat".
"parturi birth {give}" changed to ".. birth [give ]".
"pasa 1 pass {go}; pass {to pass}; surpass" changed to
"pasa 1 pass {v}; surpass".
"pasage pasage" added comment "{French}", corrected meaning to "passage".
"pasteuriza pasteurize" added comment "{French}".
"pate open {lying}" changed to ".. open [lie {v} ]".
"pauperi peer" corrected to "poor" !!!
"pavimenta pavemere" corrected to "pavement" (Bürgersteig) !!!
"paxili peg; stake {n}" changed to "peg; stake {small}".
"peiora worse" corrected to "pejora" !!!
"pekula steal" added meaning "peculate".
"pelvi pelvis" added meaning "basin".
"pena pen" added meaning "feather".
"penuri need {in}" changed to "need [in ]".
"peri-ergo G busy-body" changed to "peri-ergo G busy-body {v}".
"permane durable; endure; enduring; last {endure}; permanent"
changed to ".. ..; last {v}; ..".
"pertine belong" changed to "belong to ".
"peti 1G fly; fly {v}; rush" removed meaning "fly", added meaning "fall".
"pi G pi {Greek letter}" item added.
"piga 1G buttock; pyga" added meaning "buttocks", changed "pyga" to
"pygal" (Steiß-).
"pigi G buttocks" same as "piga", so added meanings "buttock; pygal".
"pigmenta + color; pigment" added meaning "colour".
"pigno pledge {security}; security {pledge}" added meaning "pawn"
(Verpfänden).
"pika sting" added meaning "smart {sharp}".
"pila column" added meaning "battery".
"pilo 1G ball; pylon" made to two items: "pilo 1 ball" and
"pilo G pylon".
"pinus pine tree" and "Pinus 1 pine" made to one item "Pinus 1 pine
{tree}".
"pista 1 animal race track; scent {animal}; track; trail" changed to
"pista 1 track {trail}; track {race}; scent {trail}; trail".
"placidi quiet; still" changed to ".. quiet; still {quiet}".
"plana 1 glide {hover}; glider; hover; hover {glide}; plane" removed
comment "{hover}" and meaning "hover {glide}".
"planta 1 plant {vegetable}; plant {v}; sole; sole of foot" changed
"sole; sole of foot" to "sole {foot}" (cf. solea).
"plasma shaped {can be}" changed to ".. shaped [can be ]".
"plinta plinth" added meaning "brick".
"po 1 after; since" added comment "{=post}" and meaning "post-".
"poi {old Glosa word} then" item added.
"pompo splendor" added meaning "splendour".
"ponderoso heavy" added meaning "ponderous".
"poples knee {back of}" changed to "knee [back of ]".
"porki pork" added meaning "pig".
"porku 1 pork" same as "porki", so added meaning "pig".
"poro 1 pore" added meaning "passage".
"post 1 after" same as "po {=post} 1++ after; since; post- ", so
added comment "{=po}" and meanings "since; post-".
"prae before" item added. Same as "pre", so added comment "{=pre} X"
and meanings "ago; before {time}; former; formerly; previous; prior".
"pre 1 ago; before; before {time}; former; formerly; previous; prior"
deleted meaning "before" (before {place} is ante).
"praktika practical" added meaning "practise".
"precioso presious" corrected to "precious".
"pregna pregnant {make}" changed to "pregnant [make ]".
"premiu prize; profit; reward" same as "premi 1 premium; prize;
profit; reward" so added meaning "premium".
"presa 1 crowd {v}; crush; press; pressure; print; squeeze" added
meaning "throng", changed "crowd {v}" to only "crowd".
"presti-digita quick-fingered" added meaning "prestidigitate".
"presu {=presa} 1X crowd {v}; crush; press; pressure; print; squeeze",
see "presa", added meaning "throng", changed "crowd {v}" to only
"crowd".
"pretende 1 claim; claim {make}" changed "claim {make}" to "claim
[make ]" and added meaning "claim to [lay ]".
"preter past" added meaning "beyond".
"primna G stem {of ship, or "stern" of ship}" corrected to
"stern {of ship}" (cf. Greek η πρ'υμνα
Schiffshinterteil)
"pro 1 behalf; for; for the sake of; in favor of" added
"favor of [in ]; favour of [in ]".
"pro{-} forwards" changed to "pro- forwards" (otherwise use avanti).
"procede forward {go}" changed to "forward [go ]".
"proficie progress {make}" changed to "proficie progress [make ]".
"profundi deep; profound" same as "profunda 1 deep; depth; profound",
so added meaning "depth" to profundi.
"prolifera fruitful {adj}" changed to "prolifera fruitful [be ]".
"promine project {v}" changed to only "project".
"prunus plum tree" item deleted (Prunus remains).
"Prunus 1 plum" added meaning "plum tree".
"pruri 1 itch; itch {to itch}" deleted meaning "itch {to itch}".
"puerpera woman/child-bed" changed to "woman in child-bed".
"pulula sprout" added meaning "swarm".
"pupa 1 doll" added meaning "pupa".
"pupi poop deck; stern" changed to "poop {n}; stern {of ship}".
"pupula pupil of eye" changed to "pupil {eye}".
"qa capacity of" changed to "capacity of [in ]".
"qi 1 which; which {conj}; which {relative pronoun}; who; who ... ;
who {conj}" changed to "qi 1 which {relative pronoun}; who {relative
pronoun}"
"qieske quiet {become}" changed to "quiet [become ]".
"rabi rabbi" item added.
"rami 1 bough; branch; branch {stick}; perch; stick {branch}" deleted
meaning "branch", added meaning "ramify".
"rapidi 1 fast; quick; rapid; swift" changed "swift" to "swift {quick}"
[harmonize with tako].
"rauco raucous" same as "rauku 1 hoarse", so added meaning "hoarse"
to "rauco" and "hoarse" to "raucous".
"re{-} 1 again; re; re-; return to beginning" added meaning "back to
beginning".
"re-akti react; reaction" same as "reakti 1 answer; react; reaction;
reply; respond; retort". So added meanings "answer; reply; respond;
retort" to "re-akti".
"regala X feast {v}; treat" item added.
"regalo 1+ treat" added meaning "feast {v}".
"regula 1 control; organise; principle; rule" added meaning "ruler".
"rejuvenske young again {make}" changed to ".. young again [make ]".
"renaske born again {adj}" changed to "born again [be ]".
"renova new {make}" changed to "new [make ]".
"restrikti restrict {v}" changed to "restrict" [cf. "cirkumskribe"].
"riga 1 irrigate; moisten" added meaning "water {v}".
"robusta 1 sturdy" same as "robuste robust", so added meaning "sturdy"
to "robuste" and "robust" to "robusta".
"renta unearned income" added meaning "rent".
"reo +G current {electr.}" changed to only "current".
"ru[{-}] 1 implement; instrument; tool; utensil" added comment
"{=instRUmenta}".
"rubesce redden" added meaning "red [becoming ]".
"ruskum butchers broom" item added.
"rustika live {in country}; oldfashioned; rural" changed to
"country [live in ]; ... ".
"rupina rocky chasm" changed to ".. chasm [rocky ]".
"sarma +G earth chasm" changed to ".. chasm [earth ]".
"sarmento twiggy branch" changed to "sarmento branch; twig; twiggy".
"seka 1 carve; chop; cut; mow; slit" changed to "..; mow {v}; ..".
"sekti cut" same as "seka 1 carve; chop; cut; mow; slit", so added
meanings "carve; chop; mow {v}; slit" to "sekti".
"sekunda 1 second; second {time}" changed to "sekunda 1
second {ordinal}; second {time}" [cf. deutero].
"semi 1++ half" and "semi- 1 semi-" made to one item "semi{-} 1++
half; semi-".
"sensi 1 feel; perceive; sense" same as "senti 1 attitude; feel;
perceive", so added meaning "attitude" to "sensi" and "sense" to
"senti".
"seqestra custody {into}" changed to "custody [take into ]".
"sera 1+ saw; saw {tool}" deleted meaning "saw".
"seri 1 course; order {series}; row {n}; series" same as
"seria 1 row {n}; series", so added meanings "course; order {series}"
to "seria".
"serpenta snake" same as "serpenti 1 serpent; snake; twist {wind};
wind along; wind {twist}; wriggle", so added meanings "serpent;
twist {wind}; wind along; wind {twist}; wriggle".
"serpula little snake" changed to "snake {little}".
"sib brother {sister}; sister {brother}" changed to "brother {or sister};
sister {or brother}".
"sibi 1 brother; sister" changed to "brother {or sister}; sister {or
brother}".
"sibila 1 whistle" added meaning "soothsay".
"sim +G sym- {with}; with" added comment "{=sin, but sine=without so prefer
ko/kon}" and meaning "and".
"simfora +G chance event" corrected to "chance; event"
(Gr. συμφορ'α - Ereignis, Vorfall,
Zufall, Glück).
"simul 1 same time {at the}; time {at the same}; together" changed
"{}" to "[]".
"sinagoga +G meeting place" added meaning "synagogue".
"sinistro sinister" added meaning "left {hand}" [cf. laevo].
"sinu curve" added meanings "bay; breast".
"situa situated" added meaning "situate".
"skalpel surgical knife" supplemented meaning "scalpel".
"skinde cut" added meaning "cleave {cut}".
"skindula roof shingle" changed to "shingle [roof ]".
"skion branch shoot" corrected to "branch; shoot {plant}".
"skirpus rush {Bot.}" changed to "rush {plant}".
"skiso cut" added meaning "split". "skiso" same as "skizo 1G
fissure; schism; split; tear {schism}", so added meanings "fissure;
schism; tear {schism}" to "skiso" and "cut" to "skizo".
"skopulo G projecting rock" changed to "rock [projecting ]".
"skreato cough {hacking}" changed to "cough [hacking ]; hacking cough".
"skruti examine fully" added meaning "examine thoroughly".
"sole accustomed {adj}" changed to "accustomed [be ]".
"solea sole of fool" changed to ".. sole {foot}" (cf. planta).
"sorta sort" changed to "sort {n}; sort {v}", added meaning "species".
"sorti {French} go out; out [go ]" item added.
"spadix fleshy spike; spike [fleshy ]" item added.
"sparnia spare {be merciful}" added meaning "mercy [show ]".
"spasm {=spasmo} X jerk; jolt; spasm" item added.
"spasmo 1G jerk; jerk {spasm}; jolt; spasm {jerk}" changed to
"spasmo 1G jerk; jolt; spasm".
"spata 1 shovel; shovel {spade}; spade; spade {shovel}" changed to
"spata 1 shovel; spade". Same as "spatu 1 scoop", so added meaning
"scoop" to "spata".
"spatu 1 scoop" same as "spata 1 shovel; spade" so added meanings
"shovel; spade" to "spatu".
"speci 1 brand; kind {sort, species}; kind {species}; sort; sort
{kind}; species" changed to "speci 1 brand; kind {sort, species};
sort {n}; species".
"spekula 1 mirror" added meaning "speculate".
"spika 1 grain {ear of}; spike" changed to "spika 1 ear {grain};
spike {grain}".
"spora 1 scatter" added meanings "seed; spore".
"spurio spurious" added meaning "false".
"sqama 1 scale; scale {body cover}" deleted meaning "scale".
"stafilo G grapes {bunch}" changed to "bunch of grapes; grapes [bunch of ]".
"staki G spike; stachy" changed to "spike {grain}"
(σταχυς - Ähre),
meaning "stachy" deleted, only etymological note.
"stan[-] stan[-] {Ind. country}" added comment "{Ind.}".
"stara 1 peer" same as "stare stare" and "staro 1 stare", so all get
the meanings "peer {look}; stare".
"stani 1 tin; tin {Sn}" deleted meaning "tin".
"statiko G stationary; stationed" added meaning "moving [not ]".
"stela 1G column; pillar; star" made to two items: "stela 1 star" and
"stela 1++G column; pillar".
"stentora G loud person" changed to "loud voiced person".
"steto G chest" changed to "chest {anat}".
"stipa cram; stuff {cram}" changed to "cram; stuff {v}".
"stipula stipulate" added meaning "stipule".
"stirpi stem" added meaning "stock".
"stolidi stupid" added meaning "dull".
"stranx breath squeezed out" changed to "squeezed out [sth. ]".
"stride harsh; shrill" added meaning "cry {shrill}"
(Glosa 6000 gives only "harsh, shrill cry", but "shrill" and "harsh"
seems okay because of no part-of-speech-markers.
cf. Lat. strideo - pfeifen, zischen).
"sub 1 below; beneath; lower; under" added comment "{don't mix with su}"
and meanings "rather; somewhat".
"subjekti 1 subject; subject {v}" deleted meaning "subject {v}".
"sublime 1 sublime" same as "sublimi exalted; uplifted" so added
"exalted; uplifted" to "sublime" and "sublime" to "sublimi".
Because "sublime" is G1000, "sublimi" gets "{=sublime} X".
"suela ground floor" corrected to "ground; floor".
"sufere suffer" same as "suferi undergo" and "sufero endure; suffer".
So all get the meanings "endure; suffer; undergo".
"sufere {=suferi, sufero} X endure; suffer; undergo" item added.
"sufici ++ plenty; sufficient" added meaning "suffice".
"supere suffer" item deleted (it's suferi/sufero) !!!
"supra 1 above; over; over {local}; overhead; senior; superior; top;
upper; upstairs" added comment "{=su, don't mix with sub}".
"supura pus {forming}" changed to "pus [form ]".
"tace silent {adj}; silent [be ]" changed to "silent; silent [be ]".
"taci silent {adj}; silent [be ]" changed to "silent; silent [be ]".
"tagma arranged; ordered {in order}" changed to "arranged [{something} ];
ordered {in order}".
"tako 1G brisk; fast; haste; hasty; hurry; nimble; prompt; quick;
rapid; rate; speed; speed {fast}; sprint; swift; swift {quick}" deleted
"swift".
"takto 1 tact; tact {social}" deleted "tact {social}".
"tali heel; ankle" item added.
"u tali such; such a" changed to "tali [u ] {=talo} X such; such a".
"tardi late" added meaning "slow".
"taxlis yew tree" changed to "taxlis {=Taxus} X yew".
"telma G standing water" changed to "water {standing}".
"teluri +G earthen; of earth" changed to "earthen; earth [of ]".
"tem-co meanwhile; time {at that}" changed to "..; time [at that ]".
"temporali world {of the}" changed to "world [of this ]".
"tenacio persistera" corrected to "persistent".
"tenari G palm of hand" changed to ".. palm {hand}".
"tentakuli testicle" corrected to "tentacle" !!!
"tepido luke warm; tepid" corrected to "lukewarm; tepid".
"tere bore" changed to "bore {hole}" [see tripano. Cf. Lat. terebro -
durchbohren] added meaning "rub away".
"tesela square stone {sm.}" changed to "stone [small square ]".
"testimoni witness {to bear}" changed to "witness [bear ]; bear witness".
"tetra 1G four" added meaning "tetra-".
"tibia flute" added meaning "shin-bone" (Schienbein).
"tilo G pluck; tear" item added.
"tinktu 1 colour; dye; hue" added meanings "color; tint".
"tlemo {=tlesi} G patient" changed to "patient {adj}".
"tlesi {=tlemo} G patient" changed to "patient {adj}".
"tolera 1 patience; patient {adj}; tolerance; tolerant; tolerate"
changed to "patience; patient; patient [be ]; tolerance; tolerant; tolerate"
"torna turn {on lathe}" added meaning "turn [your ]".
"torpi stiff {adj}" changed to "stiff [be ]".
"toribo G applause" added meaning "crowd".
"toridi dry" added meaning "hot {very}".
"toxiko G poison" changed to "toxiko {=toxi} GX poison". Same as
"toxi 1G poison; poisonous; toxin; venom" so added meanings
"poisonous; toxin; venom".
"travalia labour; toil" added meaning "labor".
"tribuna 1 court of law; tribunal" added meaning "platform".
"tributi 1 tax; tribute" added meaning "payment".
"trikila G bower {Summer house}; Summer house {bower}" changed "Summer"
to "summer", "summer house {bower}" to "house {bower] [summer ]".
"tripano G bore; pierce" changed to "bore {hole}; pierce".
"tripsi G rubbing; small [a breaking]" changed to "rubbing; breaking
{small}".
"trite trite" added meaning "worn".
"troki G wheel" added meaning "round [anything ]".
"trtepo turn" item deleted (It's trepo.) !!!
"trunka truncate" added meaning "maim".
"tsigano 1 gipsy" and "Tsigano Gypsy" made to one item "Tsigano 1+
gipsy; gypsy".
"tuberkula tubercule" corrected to "tubercle".
"tugurio hut" added meaning "cottage".
"u {=un} 1 a; an; one; the" added comment "{before all consonants but h,
else =un}" and meaning "any".
"u-ci 1 this; this {the here}" changed to "u-ci {'the here'} 1 this".
"u-la 1 that; that {the there}; yonder" changed to "u-la {'the there'} 1
that {pronoun}; yonder".
"ubera udder" added meaning "teat".
"udae on the Earth" changed to "on the earth; earth [on the ]".
"un {=u} 1 a; an; one; the" added comment "{before vowels and h, else =u}"
and meaning "any".
"ultima 1 farthest; last; last {ultimate}" deleted meaning "last".
"ultra 1 beyond" added meaning "ultra".
"unus one; whole {the}" changed to "unus one; whole [the ]".
"usti burn {v}" added meaning "combust".
"usto burn {v}" same as "usti", so added meaning "combust".
"Urtika 1 nettle" added meanings "sting-nettle; stinging-nettle".
"usura usury {practice}" changed to "usury [practice ]".
"uterus uterus; womb" item added.
"utili useful" added meaning "use".
"va[-] 1 container; jar; pot {vase}; receptacle; vase; vessel; vessel
{container}" added comment "{=-vasa}", deleted meaning "vessel".
"vade ford; wade" added meaning "rush".
"vade ford; wade; rush " same as "vadu 1 ford; shallow place", so added
"shallow place" to "vade" and "wade" to "vadu", but not added "rush".
"vagina 1G sheath" added meaning "case {container}", deleted "G"
(Greek has no "v").
"vasa 1 container; jar; pot {vase}; receptacle; tank; vase; vessel
{container}" changed to "vasa[{-}] {in compounds also -va} 1 ...".
Then "vasa[-] vase; vessel" item deleted.
"vaku 1 blank; empty; vacancy; vacant" same as "vakuo 1 empty;
vacuous; vacuum" so added meanings "vacuous; vacuum" to "vaku"
and "blank; vacancy; vacant" to "vakuo".
"vale 1 farewell; good-bye; goodbye; healthy; well {adj}" added meanings
"well [be ]; healthy [be ]".
"valetudino infirm {adj}" changed to "infirm [be ]".
"valu 1 esteem; estimate; value; worth" added meaning "worth [be ]".
"valva 1 tap; tap {valve}; valve; valve {tap}" changed to
"valva 1 tap {valve}; valve; leaf {of door}".
"valvula tap {valve}; valve" same as "valva", so added comment
"{=valva} X" and meaning "leaf {of door}".
"vanidiku liar {vain-talker}" changed to only "liar" ("vain-talker" is
only a mnemotechnic hint).
"vaskulu vascular; vessel" changed to "..; vessel {anatomical}".
"vektor cartier; vector" corrected to "carrier" !!!
"verdua verdure" added meaning "green".
"verge verge" changed to "verge verge {rod}; rod".
"vergi rod" changed to "vergi verge {rod}; rod".
"vermi 1 worm" added meaning "vermin".
"vesiko bladder" added meaning "blister".
"vesikula 1 blister" same as "vesiko", so added meaning "bladder".
"vesa insane" added meaning "mad".
"vesku weak" added meaning "poor; thin".
"vexila flag" added meaning "standard {flag}".
"via 1 path; road; street; way; way {road}" added meaning "track",
deleted meaning "way".
"viagia 1 journey; travel; trip; trip {journey}; voyage" deleted
meaning "trip".
"vibrisa tactile whisker" changed to "whisker {tactile}".
"vice 1 behalf; instead; substitute; turn [your ]" added meaning
"instead of".
"vicisi other hand {on the}" changed to "other hand [on the ]".
"vigila vigilant" added meanings "awake; watching".
"vilage village" added meaning "{French}".
"vilo fur; hair; shaggy" changed to "fur; hair {shaggy}".
"vinko conquer" same as "vikto" so added meanings "defeat; prevail;
vanquish; victory; win".
"vipera adder {snake}" changed to "adder; snake; viper".
"verdi" same as "verdua" same as "viridi", so added meaning "verdure" to
"verdi", "green; verdant" to "verdua" and "verdure; verdant" to
"viridi".
"viri" same as "virili", perhaps "virili" only adjective, so added
meaning "virile" to "viri" and "male" (but not "man") to "virili".
"volta jump over" added meaning "vault {jump}".
"volta {=volt} X volt {electricity}" item added.
"vomi vomit" added meaning "throw out".
"vomita 1 vomit" same as "vomi", so added meaning "throw out".
"zink 1G zinc; zinc {Zn}" deleted meaning "zinc {Zn}".
2002
2001-10-17 to 2002-02-28
Put in suggestions and answers of Wendy Ashby to the "Similar
Synonyms"-list, see
www.glosa.org/gid/simsyn.htm..
"acepta accept" added comment "{prefer cepti} X".
"acepti {prefer cepti} accept" item added.
"adamanta 1G diamond" same as "adamanti very hard", so added meaning
"very hard" to "adamanta" and "diamond" to "adamanti".
"adamanti" get comment "{=adamanta} X".
"adusti burn {v}; scorch" added "{=busti, prefer piro} X".
"busti 1 ablaze; alight; burn" added "{prefer piro}".
"kausti G burn {v}" added comment "{=busti, prefer piro}" and "X".
"kombusti burn {v}" added comment "{=busti, prefer piro}".
"ure burn {v}" added comment "{=busti, prefer piro} X".
"usti burn {v}; combust" added comment "{=busti, prefer piro} X".
"usto burn {v}; combust" added comment "{=busti, prefer piro} X".
"urens burning; stinging" added comment "{prefer piro}".
"kauma G burning heat" added "{better: piro-termo}".
"administra administrate; manage" added "{prefer manu, duce, kura or ago}".
"administra-pe administrator" added "{prefer manu-pe}".
"manu-pe 1++ administrator; manager" item added.
"manu 1 hand; hand over; pass {hand over}; smack" added meanings
"handle {manage}; manage" (because manu should be similar to manea).
"manea handle {manage}; manage" added "{prefer manu}".
"adveni happen" added "{prefer acide}".
"eveni event; happen" added "{prefer acide}".
"aegi G goat" added "{=egi, prefer kapri} X".
"egi G goat" added "{prefer kapri}".
"hirkus G goat" added "{prefer kapri}".
"kapra 1++ goat" becomes "kapra {=kapri} 1X goat".
"kapri goat" gets "1++".
"aegroto ill; sick" added "{=egroto, prefer pato} X".
"egroto ill; sick" added "{prefer pato}".
"aeroplano aeroplane; airplane" added "{=aeroplana} X".
"aestu G fervor; fervour; heat" added meaning "passion" and comment
"{=estu, prefer termo} X".
"estu fervor; fervour; heat" added "{prefer termo} G" and meaning
"passion".
"talpo G heat; warmth" added "{prefer termo}".
"kalori 1+ heat; hot" added "{prefer termo}".
"aetrio G bright" added "{=etrio} X".
"age ++G drive; lead" changed to "age {=ago, prefer duce} X drive; lead"
"ago {=age} 1X drive; lead" changed to "ago {prefer duce} 1+ ...".
"duce 1++ conduct; guidance; guide; lead" added meaning "drive".
"agrosti G grass" added "{=grasti, prefer gra} X".
"gra {=gramini} 1++ grass" changed to "gra 1++ grass". Same as
"grasti", so added meaning "fodder".
"gramini {=gra} 1+ grass" changed to "gramini {prefer gra} 1 grass".
"grasti G fodder; grass" added "{prefer gra}".
"akrobata acrobat" added "{=akrobati} X", while "akrobati 1+G acrobat"
remains.
"audi 1++ hark; hear; listen" changed to "hear; listen; hark".
"akusti 1+G hark; hear; listen" changed to "akusti {prefer audi} G
hear; listen; hark".
"auskulta listen" added "{Italian, take audi} X".
"askolta listen" added "{Italian, take audi} X".
"Augusta 1 August" added "{prefer meno okto}".
"augusto {=Augusta} X August" changed comment to "{=Augusta, prefer
meno okto}".
"arguto shrill" added "{prefer akuto}".
"alba 1++ dawn; white" changed to only "alba dawn".
"albi white" added "{prefer leuko}".
"leuko 1G bleach; white" changed to "leuko 1++G white; bleach".
"alopecia G fox" added "{prefer vulpes}".
"misa mass" changed to "misa mass {religious}".
"amasa amass" changed to "amasa {=kumu, masi} X amass"
"amaso crowd; mass" changed to "amaso {=kumu, masi} X crowd; mass"
"masi 1++ heavy; mass; massive" added meanings "lump; heap", changed
"++" to "+".
"mega 1++G abundant; big; great; hearty; large; lot {n};
lot {many}; magnify; many; mass {many}; mega-; much; plenty" added
meanings "lump; pile".
"poli 1++G abundant; lot {many}; many; mass {many}; numerous; poly-"
added meanings "lump; pile".
"kumu 1++ accumulate; heap; hoard; pile" added meanings "crowd; mass; lump".
Deutsche Übersetzungen:
amass - an-, aufhäufen
lump - Klumpen, Schwellung, Geschwulst, Knoten
heap - Haufen, häufen
mass - Masse, Mehrzahl, sich (an)sammeln, (an)häufen
pile - Stapel, Stoß, Haufen, häufen, stapeln, aufschichten
crowd - (Menschen)Menge, sich drängen, bevölkern
"ambi {=pan, if two} 1+ both" changed to "ambi {alternative: pan or bi}
1+ both".
"amfi G both" added comment "{prefer ambi, or pan, bi}"
"bi 1++ two" added meaning "both".
"amika friendly" added comment "{prefer ami} X".
"animala animal; beast" added comment "{prefer zoa} X".
"animali 1++ animal; beast" changed to ""animali {=animala, prefer
zoa} X animal; beast".
"zoa 1++G animal" added meaning "beast".
"ansera goose" added comment "{=Anseri} X".
"antho flower" item deleted. It is "anto".
"anto 1+G bloom; flower" changed to "anto {prefer flori} G bloom;
flower".
"aparata apparatus" added comment "{prefer ru/instrumenta} and meaning
"tackle {n}".
"aparatu 1++ tackle {n}; apparatus" changed to
"aparatu {=aparatu, prefer ru/instrumenta} X apparatus; tackle {n}".
"instrumenta {=ru} 1++ implement; instrument; tool; utensil"
added meanings "apparatus; tackle {n}".
"ru[{-}] {=instRUmenta} 1++ implement; instrument; tool; utensil"
added meanings "apparatus; tackle {n}".
"api 1 bee" added "{=apis} X".
"Api soni 1 hum" added "{=apis soni} X".
"apis soni 1* hum" item added.
"api-do 1 hive" added "{=apis-do} X".
"apis-do 1 hive" item added.
"lauda 1++ approval; approve; pay tribute to; praise" added meaning
"applaud".
"aplaude applaud" added comment "{prefer lauda}".
"plaude applaud" added "{=aplaude, prefer lauda} X".
"arka 1+ arc; ark; bow {n}" made to two items: "arka 1 ark" and
"arka 1+ arc {of circle, maths}; bow {n}"
"arca 1++ arch" changed meaning to "arch {archway}; archway"
Deutsche Übersetzungen:
arc - Bogen
arch - Bogen, Gewölbe, Triumphbogen, (sich) wö